The Influence of Romanticism
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Questions and Answers

Which literary movement significantly influenced the Romantic Movement by rejecting French rationalism?

  • Sturm und Drang (correct)
  • The Renaissance
  • The Victorian Era
  • The Enlightenment

According to Rousseau's ideas in Émile, how should children be raised?

  • With the focus on rote memorization of religious texts.
  • With strict discipline and adherence to societal norms.
  • Under the guidance of a tutor with a structured curriculum.
  • With maximum individual freedom, learning through trial and error. (correct)

What concept did Immanuel Kant introduce regarding human knowledge?

  • That human knowledge is purely rational and innate.
  • That the human mind actively shapes sensory experience through 'forms of sensibility' and 'categories of understanding'. (correct)
  • That human knowledge is based on objective reality, accessible by all equally.
  • That human knowledge is entirely based on sensory experiences.

What was the early use of the term 'Romantic' in literature in the 17th century?

<p>To describe literature considered unreal, sentimental, or overly fanciful. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who used the terms Romantic and Gothic interchangeably in Germany?

<p>Johann Gottfried Herder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which writer was among the first to praise the 'Romantic' literature of figures like Dante, Shakespeare and Petrarch?

<p>August Wilhelm von Schlegel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country saw the Romantic Movement reach its peak before it became a major force in France?

<p>Germany and England (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did Henri Beyle (Stendhal) openly declare himself a Romantic writer?

<p>1816 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Herder view Arab culture?

<p>As one of many cultures manifesting the human spirit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significance did Hegel attribute to Islam?

<p>A key moment in the evolution of the world spirit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Thomas Carlyle portray Muhammad in his work?

<p>As an embodiment of the hero as prophet. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant impact of Napoleon's Egyptian expedition on European thought?

<p>It stimulated the study of the Arab world in France. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Napoleon take scholars of Arabic and Islamic culture on his Egyptian expedition?

<p>To understand the local culture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a lasting consequence of romanticism in the 19th and 20th centuries?

<p>A contribution to the rise of nationalism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the general outlook of Enlightenment writers on the world?

<p>Cosmopolitan. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Congress of Vienna have to take into account when making decisions in the post Napoleon era?

<p>The rise of nationalistic feelings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which writer is credited with openly declaring himself a Romantic in France in 1816?

<p>Henri Beyle (Stendhal) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What belief of the English Romantics directly opposed Lockean psychology?

<p>Poetry enhanced by creative impulse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Samuel Taylor Coleridge, what is the artist's imagination?

<p>God at work in the mind (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Coleridge's poems explores themes of guilt, punishment, and redemption?

<p>The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of the Lyrical Ballads published by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798?

<p>Rejecting the rules of eighteenth-century criticism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which work by Wordsworth was written partly to console Coleridge during a personal crisis?

<p>Ode on Intimations of Immortality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable characteristic of German Romantic novels?

<p>Highly sentimental borrowing from medieval romances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which novel challenged prejudices against women by portraying them as more than just lovers and domestics?

<p>Lucinde (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Goethe's works tells the story of a character who makes a pact with the devil for greater knowledge?

<p>Faust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did Romantic art differ from Rococo and Neo-Classical art?

<p>By often portraying scenes from medieval life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did John Constable's painting Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows portray?

<p>A stable world with church and landed class dominance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Romantics often idealize rural life?

<p>They believed it was connected to the medieval past. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What architectural style saw a revival during the Romantic Era?

<p>Neo-Gothic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable example of Neo-Gothic architecture built in the Romantic Era?

<p>The British Houses of Parliament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides public buildings, what other types of structures were designed in the Neo-Gothic style during the Romantic Era?

<p>Town halls, schools, and railroad stations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a central tenet of Wesley's religious revival?

<p>The role of emotional experience in Christian conversion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these authors is associated with the phrase "bible of Romanticism"?

<p>François René de Chateaubriand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Schleiermacher, what is the core essence of religion?

<p>A feeling of absolute dependence on an infinite reality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did German Idealism consider the world to be?

<p>A creation of subjective egos. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did J.G. Fichte connect with the Absolute?

<p>The individual ego (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Johann Gottfried Herder's view on the development of human beings and societies?

<p>They develop organically over time, like plants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hegel, how do new ideas arise?

<p>Through a conflict of opposing ideas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was, according to Hegel, the significance of older historical periods?

<p>They were necessary to the achievements of later periods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the artistic focus of Romantic artists?

<p>The majestic power of nature alongside the mysterious and unruly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Chateaubriand's sentiment towards the Muslim world?

<p>He called for a crusade against it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of the 'sublime' in Romantic art refers to subjects that provoke:

<p>Strong emotions such as fear, dread, and awe. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Romantic artists often depict in relation to the Crusades?

<p>Heroic images of the Christian side of the conflicts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the association of Romanticism with nationalism affect the perception of the Ottoman Empire?

<p>It cast the Empire in a politically unfavorable light. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Caspar David Friedrich's 'The Polar Sea' depicts:

<p>The struggle of a ship trapped and crushed by an ice field. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did some Romantic sensibilities change the European view of the Muslim world?

<p>By showing an appreciation for literature from that culture. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

J.M.W. Turner's 'Rain, Steam and Speed' portrays:

<p>A new technology's confrontation with storm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was King Ludwig II of Bavaria's association with Neuschwanstein?

<p>He financed its construction, almost bankrupting the monarchy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the most influential philosopher of history in the Romantic era?

<p>Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Romantic religious thinkers sought the bases of religion in:

<p>The inner emotions of humankind. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common element did both Methodist and French Catholic revivals share?

<p>Importance of an emotional experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary factor behind the renewed sense of conflict between Christianity and Islam during the Romantic period?

<p>A renewed sense of energized emotion within Christianity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Methodism originated as a revolt against what religious trend in the Church of England?

<p>Deism and rationalism in the Church of England. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of John Wesley's experience with the Moravians on his voyage to America?

<p>It caused him to question his own faith and understanding of justification. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

John Wesley's conversion experience, described as 'My heart felt strangely warmed' took place while he was:

<p>Worshiping with Moravians in London. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did John Wesley begin preaching in open fields?

<p>He could not get permission to preach in the Anglican churches. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to John Wesley, who else became famous for their contributions to Methodism?

<p>His brother, Charles Wesley, for his hymns. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to John Wesley, what is the core of true Christianity?

<p>An inward principle and the image of God impressed on a created spirit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Methodist teachings emphasized what crucial aspect of Christian life?

<p>The possibility of achieving Christian perfection in this life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the most significant outcomes of the Methodist movement by the late eighteenth century?

<p>Its establishment as a separate church with its own clergy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific term did Romantic artists and thinkers use to describe the awe-inspiring and sometimes terrifying aspects of nature?

<p>The Sublime. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Romantic Movement

A literary and artistic movement that emphasized emotion, imagination, individualism, and the sublime, rejecting Enlightenment rationalism.

Rousseau's Influence

The philosophical belief that human nature is inherently good but corrupted by society and its institutions.

Emile (1762)

Rousseau's novel about a boy's education in nature, emphasizing freedom and learning through experience.

The Critique of Pure Reason (1781)

Kant's philosophical work arguing that human knowledge is subjective, shaped by the mind's categories.

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Romantic Literature - Early Usage

The use of 'Romantic' to describe literature considered fantastical, sentimental, or unreal.

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Romantic Movement in France

The movement reached its peak in Germany and England before impacting France, led by figures like Madame de Staël and Victor Hugo.

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Henri Beyle (Stendhal)

The first French writer to identify openly as a Romantic in 1816.

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Neo-Gothic

A style of architecture that emphasizes pointed arches, vaulted ceilings, and intricate decorative details, often inspired by medieval churches.

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Neuschwanstein

A castle in southern Germany built by King Ludwig II of Bavaria, known for its picturesque location and lavish interior design.

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The Sublime

The feeling of awe, fear, and wonder evoked by the vastness and power of nature.

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Portrayal of Nature

The depiction of nature's power and wildness, often emphasizing its untamed and mysterious aspects.

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Romanticism

An artistic movement that emphasized emotion, imagination, individualism, and the sublime, rejecting Enlightenment rationalism.

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Caspar David Friedrich

A German artist who painted scenes of nature that evoked the sublime, often depicting human figures dwarfed by the vastness of nature.

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The Polar Sea

A painting by Caspar David Friedrich that depicts a ship trapped in a vast ice field, symbolizing the fragility of humanity in the face of nature's power.

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Joseph Mallord William Turner

A British artist who depicted the power of nature alongside the impact of industrialization, often using dramatic lighting and atmospheric effects.

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Rain, Steam and Speed

A painting by Joseph Mallord William Turner that depicts a train speeding through a storm, symbolizing the power of technology and its impact on nature.

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Methodism

A revivalist religious movement that emphasized personal experience, emotional piety, and practical good works.

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John Wesley

The leader of the Methodist movement, known for his powerful preaching and missionary work.

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Conversion Experience

A transformative experience in which an individual becomes aware of their own sin and receives forgiveness and salvation through faith in Jesus Christ.

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Practical Piety

The belief that Christian faith should be lived out in practical ways, through good deeds and social action.

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Charles Wesley

A hymn writer and co-founder of Methodism who worked alongside his brother John Wesley to spread the movement.

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Stendhal (Henri Beyle)

A key figure in the French Romantic movement, known for his novel "The Red and the Black" and his celebration of Shakespeare.

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Samuel Taylor Coleridge

English Romantic poet who believed that poetry was a manifestation of the divine imagination, expressed in works like "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner."

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William Wordsworth

English Romantic poet who emphasized the importance of individual experience and the beauty of nature in works like "Tintern Abbey" and "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud."

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Ludwig Tieck

A German Romantic novelist known for his Gothic novels and his influence on the movement's early development.

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Friedrich Schlegel

A German Romantic writer who challenged traditional societal roles for women with his controversial novel "Lucinde."

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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

A celebrated German Romantic writer known for his novel "The Sorrows of Young Werther" and his dramatic poem "Faust."

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Faust

Goethe's masterpiece, a dramatic poem exploring themes of ambition, knowledge, and the Faustian bargain.

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Faustian Bargain

A pact made with a supernatural being, usually the devil, to gain power, knowledge, or worldly success in exchange for one's soul.

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Romantic Art

A style of art that emphasized emotion, individualism, and the beauty of nature, often depicting historical events, passionate figures, and dramatic landscapes.

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Neo-Gothic Revival

A revival of interest in medieval architecture, characterized by pointed arches, stained glass windows, and intricate details.

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John Constable

English landscape painter known for his picturesque depictions of rural life and scenes of nature, exemplified by "Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows."

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Landscape Painting

A style of painting that focuses on capturing the beauty and atmosphere of nature, often depicting rural landscapes and peaceful scenes.

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Industrialization

The shift from a rural, agricultural society to a more urban, industrialized one, marked by economic and social change.

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Wesleyan Revival

A religious movement led by John Wesley that emphasized personal experience, emotional conversion, and active living out of Christian beliefs.

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Roman Catholic Revival in France

A reaction against the dry rationalism of the Enlightenment, it revived religious emotion in France.

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The Genius of Christianity

François René de Chateaubriand's book arguing that the core of religion lies in passionate feelings.

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Schleiermacher's Definition of Religion

Friedrich Schleiermacher's view that religion is not about dogma or ethics, but about an immediate, emotional experience of dependence on a higher power.

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German Idealism

The philosophy that the world is a product of human consciousness and that individual will shapes our reality.

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Romantic Nationalism

The belief that every individual and every culture is unique and valuable, emphasizing the importance of national identity and heritage.

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Fichte and the Individual Ego

J. G. Fichte's theory that individual consciousness is the ultimate reality that shapes our universe.

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Herder's Organic Development

Johann Gottfried Herder's belief that human beings and societies grow organically over time, each culture having its own unique value.

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Hegel's Philosophy of History

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's philosophy of history, where ideas progress through conflict and synthesis.

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Value of Historical Periods

Hegel's concept that all historical periods are valuable because they contribute to the development of later periods.

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Romantic Views of Islam

The Romantic view of Islam, which combined elements of appreciation for Arab culture with traditional Christian antagonism.

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Travelogue of Jerusalem

Chateaubriand's travelogue that fueled Romantic fascination with the Crusades.

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Artistic Representations of the Crusades

Romantic artists and writers depicted the Crusades as heroic narratives, often overlooking the violence they caused.

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Romanticism and Ottoman Empire

Romantic nationalism and political tension cast the Ottoman Empire, and Islam, in a negative light.

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Positive Perspectives on the Muslim World

Romantic appreciation for different cultures allowed Europeans to encounter the stories of The Thousand and One Nights, expanding their understanding of Islamic literature and storytelling.

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Hegel's Perspective on Islam

A German philosopher who saw Islam as a stage in the development of the 'World Spirit,' a concept that represents the evolution of human consciousness and understanding.

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Carlyle's View of Muhammad

The British historian who championed Muhammad as a heroic prophet, challenging Enlightenment's dismissal of religion and spiritual values.

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Napoleon's Egyptian Expedition

Napoleon's 1798 military expedition to Egypt, marking the first European military invasion of the Near East since the Crusades.

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French Interest in Arabic Culture

The study of Arab culture and Islam became a significant focus for French intellectuals following Napoleon's expedition, contributing to European understanding of the Middle East.

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Napoleon's Approach to Islam

Napoleon's strategy to gain acceptance in Egypt involved demonstrating respect for Islam, seeking to liberate Egyptians from Ottoman rule.

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Shift from Cosmopolitanism to Nationalism

The shift from cosmopolitanism, a world view embracing interconnectedness, to nationalism, a focus on national identity and interests, marked the 19th century.

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Romantic Ideas and Nationalism

Romantic ideas fueled the rise of nationalism in the 19th century, influencing political thought and shaping national identities.

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Congress of Vienna and Nationalism

The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) acknowledged but couldn't fully address the growing force of nationalism, which continued to shape European politics.

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Study Notes

Romantic Movement Origins and Influences

  • Rooted in Renaissance individualism, Protestant piety, 18th-century sentimental novels, and the Sturm und Drang movement's rejection of French rationalism.

Key Philosophers

  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant questioned the sufficiency of Enlightenment rationalism to explain human nature and organize society.

Rousseau's Influence

  • Rousseau's belief that societal corruption had corrupted human nature deeply influenced Romantic writers.
  • Rousseau advocated for individual development uncorrupted by society, detailed in his novel Émile (1762).
  • Émile emphasized the unique needs of children, advocating for maximum freedom in their upbringing and learning through experience.

Kant's Philosophy

  • Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1781) and Critique of Practical Reason (1788) sought to reconcile Enlightenment rationalism with belief in human freedom, immortality, and God.
  • Kant argued that human understanding actively shapes sensory experience through "forms of sensibility" and "categories of understanding."

Romantic Literature - Definition and Evolution

  • "Romantic" appeared in English and French literature from the 17th century, initially describing unreal, sentimental, or fanciful works.
  • Thomas Warton linked Romantic literature to medieval romances in the 18th century.
  • Johann Gottfried Herder used "Romantic" and "Gothic" interchangeably in Germany.
  • August Wilhelm von Schlegel praised Romantic authors like Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Shakespeare.

Influence in France

  • Romanticism first rose in Germany and England, and later became influential in France spearheaded by Madame de Staël and Victor Hugo.
  • Henri Beyle (Stendhal) publicly declared himself a Romantic in 1816.

English Romantic Writers - Beliefs and Philosophy

  • English Romantics valued artistic expression driven by creative impulses, contrasting with Lockean psychology's view of a passive mind.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

  • Coleridge viewed the artist's imagination as divinely inspired, arguing that it replicates the eternal creative act of God.
  • He elevated poetry as a profound human self-realization in a transcendental realm.

Coleridge's Works

  • Coleridge excelled in Gothic supernatural poems, such as "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," exploring themes of guilt, punishment, redemption, and humility.

William Wordsworth

  • Wordsworth was Coleridge's close friend, co-authoring Lyrical Ballads (1798), a manifesto rejecting 18th-century poetic rules.
  • Wordsworth's "Ode on Intimations of Immortality" (1803) dealt with the loss of poetic vision, a theme he explored personally.

German Romantic Writers

  • Many German Romantics wrote novels emphasizing sentimentality derived from medieval romances.
  • Ludwig Tieck's William Lovell (1793-1795) was a pioneering German Romantic novel.
  • Friedrich Schlegel's Lucinde (1799) challenged societal prejudices against women.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

  • Goethe's early work, The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774), propelled his early recognition.
  • His masterpiece, Faust, portrays Faust's pact with the devil for knowledge.

Romantic Art - Reaction to Previous Eras

  • Romantic art reacted against 18th-century styles.
  • Artists often portrayed scenes from medieval life rather than Renaissance or ancient models.

Cult of the Middle Ages and Neo-Gothicism

  • John Constable, a politically conservative English landscape painter, idealized rural life connected to the medieval past and opposed to industrialization.

Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows

  • The painting presents a sense of enduring order amidst a storm, illustrating Constable's conservative views.

Nature and the Sublime in Romantic Art

  • Romantic artists sought to depict nature's power and grandeur, emphasizing the mysterious and unpredictable rather than the rational.
  • The "sublime" in art represented subjects evoking powerful emotions like awe, fear, and dread, questioning human control and power.
  • Artists like Caspar David Friedrich and J.M.W. Turner depicted challenging and emotionally evocative natural settings.

Industrialism and Nature

  • Turner's "Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway" (1844) showed the power of industrialization alongside nature.

Religion in the Romantic Period

  • Romantic religious thinkers sought foundations in human emotion rather than external authority.
  • Methodism, originating as a rebellion against Enlightenment rationalism, became a significant transatlantic force.

John Wesley and Methodism

  • John Wesley, a leader of Methodism, experienced a conversion, emphasizing personal faith and Christian perfection.
  • Wesley's message of repentance and good works resonated with those weary of Enlightenment rationalism.
  • Methodism spurred emotional religious revivals.

Romantic Views of Nationalism and History

  • Romanticism, particularly in Germany, celebrated individual cultures and persons.
  • German Idealism viewed the world as a product of subjective egos.

J. G. Fichte and Individualism

  • J.G. Fichte equated the individual ego with the Absolute, suggesting the world is humankind's creation.

Herder and Cultural Identity

  • Herder saw human societies as organically developing over time.

Hegel's Philosophy of History

  • Hegel believed ideas evolve through conflict (thesis, antithesis, synthesis).
  • He saw all historical periods as valuable in the progression of ideas.

The Influence of Romanticism on European Perceptions of Islam

  • Romanticism both maintained and modified European views of Islam.
  • Authors like Chateaubriand renewed ideas like crusades.
  • Romantic fascination with the Middle Ages occasionally romanticized images of Muslim warriors.
  • Herder and Hegel recognized the historical significance of Arab culture and Islam.

Napoleon's Impact on European Views of Islam

  • Napoleon's Egyptian Expedition spurred the study of the Arab world in Europe.
  • Napoleon aimed to liberate Egypt without harming Islam.

The Rise of Nationalism in the 19th Century

  • Romantic ideas fueled nationalism, contrasting with Enlightenment cosmopolitanism.
  • The Congress of Vienna struggled to ignore this rising force.

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Explore the key concepts and figures that shaped the Romantic Movement in literature. This quiz delves into the influences, ideologies, and international reach of Romanticism, highlighting important thinkers and their contributions. Test your knowledge on how this movement emerged and its lasting impact on literature and culture.

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