46 Questions
Which theoretical approaches to international relations are addressed in this chapter?
Realism, liberalism, International Society, and International Political Economy (IPE)
What are some of the lasting international problems addressed by the established IR traditions?
Conflict and cooperation, wealth and poverty, development and underdevelopment
What is the focus of this chapter regarding the evolution of thinking about international relations?
How thinking about international relations has evolved since IR became an academic subject
Which of the following are recent alternative approaches that challenge the established traditions in IR?
Social constructivism and post-positivist approaches
What were the three main organs of the League of Nations?
The Council, the Assembly, and the Secretariat
What was the principle on which the League of Nations was based?
Collective security
What did Article 16 of the League's Covenant allow?
Economic or military sanctions against breaching states
What led to severe economic crisis and trade contraction in the 1930s?
The Great Depression
How were international relations characterized in the 1930s according to the text?
Power struggles and conflicts of interest between countries
What was E.H. Carr's critique of liberal idealism in international relations?
It misread historical facts and misunderstood the nature of international relations
"Politics among Nations" (1948) emphasized the importance of what in international relations?
Human nature and self-interest
What did Hitler and Mussolini's popular support indicate despite their aggressive foreign policies?
The existence of a strong aggressive impulse in human nature
"Politics among Nations" drew on what to explain the aggressive nature of human beings and the challenges of international relations?
"Christianity"
"The League, however, lacked effective implementation due to what according to the text?"
"The major powers' lack of commitment and the economic crisis of the 1930s"
"The Great Depression led to what according to the text?"
"Severe economic crisis and trade contraction"
"The League was based on what principle according to the text?"
Which of the following is NOT a contemporary concern in International Relations?
War and peace
Which theoretical tradition in International Relations emphasizes the role of power politics and the necessity of war?
Realism
What was the focus of the Utopian liberalism era in International Relations?
International cooperation
Which academic subjects have influenced International Relations?
Philosophy, history, economics
What characterizes the post-positivist alternatives in International Relations?
Challenge positivist assumptions
Which historical event influenced the establishment of the Utopian liberalism era in International Relations?
WWI
What is a major feature of traditional approaches in International Relations?
Norms and international law
How can understanding past debates in International Relations be beneficial?
To comprehend IR as a dynamic academic subject
Which thinker's idea was reminiscent of Woodrow Wilson's belief in using an international organization to prevent wars?
Norman Angell
According to Norman Angell's book 'The Great Illusion' (1909), why did he argue that territorial conquest is less profitable?
It disrupts international commerce
What was the result of modernization and interdependence, according to the text?
Need for a framework to regulate interdependence
What marked the end of the liberal phase as a dominant ideology in International Relations (IR)?
Rise of authoritarian regimes
Which major powers did the League of Nations lack commitment from?
United States and United Kingdom
Who believed that an international organization like the League of Nations could put 'dangerous beasts' of power politics in a 'zoo'?
Woodrow Wilson
What was the main argument in Angell's book 'The Great Illusion' regarding territorial conquest?
It is disruptive to international commerce
What marked the end of the League of Nations' effectiveness?
'The Rise of Fascism' in Europe
Which ideas dominated the first phase of academic International Relations (IR)?
'Liberal' ideas
'Liberal democracy faced challenges with the rise of ________ regimes.' Fill in the blank.
'Fascist'
'Despite the challenges, liberal ideas continued to influence IR theories and practices, with later scholars building upon these early liberal ideas to develop new theories like ________.' Fill in the blank.
'Neoliberalism'
Which country's military intervention decisively determined the outcome of the First World War?
United States
According to the text, who saw it as their mission to bring liberal democratic values to Europe and the rest of the world to prevent future wars?
Woodrow Wilson
In what year did the United States' military intervention occur during the First World War?
1917
According to liberal idealists, what traditional methods of preventing war are considered insufficient?
Alliances and balances of power
Who formulated a fourteen-point programme and influenced the Paris Peace Conference in 1919?
Woodrow Wilson
According to the text, which two countries developed Academic International Relations (IR) first and most strongly?
United States and Great Britain
What did Woodrow Wilson's vision aim to make the world?
Safe for democracy
According to liberal thinkers, what should be reformed to avoid major disasters in the future?
International system and domestic structures of autocratic countries
What did Wilson's programme emphasize in relation to promotion?
Promotion of democracy and self-determination
What did liberal idealism hold was possible through a rational international organization?
The end of war and achievement of permanent peace
What do liberal idealists argue are insufficient in preventing war according to the text?
Alliances and balances of power
Study Notes
- The First World War was attributed to the egoistic and short-sighted calculations and miscalculations of autocratic leaders in heavily militarized countries, particularly Germany and Austria.
- Autocratic leaders, under pressure from their generals, made fatal decisions that led their countries into war.
- Woodrow Wilson, a university professor of political science and the US president during the war, saw it as his mission to bring liberal democratic values to Europe and the rest of the world to prevent future wars.
- The United States' military intervention in 1917 decisively determined the outcome of the war, with victory for the democratic allies and defeat for the autocratic central powers.
- Academic International Relations (IR) developed first and most strongly in the liberal-democratic states, the United States and Great Britain.
- Liberal thinkers had ideas and beliefs about how to avoid major disasters in the future, such as reforming the international system and domestic structures of autocratic countries.
- In the aftermath of the First World War, Wilson's vision of making the world "safe for democracy" had wide appeal.
- Wilson's ideas were formulated in a fourteen-point programme and influenced the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, which tried to institute a new international order based on liberal ideas.
- Wilson's programme emphasized the promotion of democracy and self-determination and the creation of an international organization to put relations between states on a firmer institutional foundation.
- Liberal idealism holds that through a rational and intelligently designed international organization, it should be possible to put an end to war and achieve permanent peace.
- Liberal idealists argue that traditional methods of preventing war, such as alliances and balances of power, are insufficient and that international institutions can tame states and statespeople.
Explore the impact of liberal ideas on the causes and persistence of the First World War, and how the new discipline of International Relations analyzed the conflict. Delve into the role of egoistic and short-sighted calculations of autocratic leaders in the war.
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