The Industrial Revolution in England

• The Industrial Revolution occurred because England had exploration and colonialism, sea power, political stability, government support, and growth of private investment.
• These factors combined to create the factors of production: land, labor, and capital.

Agriculture

• Jethro Tull invented the seed drill, leading to experimentation, healthier livestock, and higher crop yields.
• The Enclosure Movement allowed rich farm owners to raise crops more efficiently.
• It forced small landowners off their land, leading to unemployment.

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

• Early canals were Britain’s earliest transportation infrastructure
• Coal became more integral than water, and iron more integral than wood.
• Innovations made steel production feasible, like "puddling" (for "pig iron"), hot blast (cheaper, purer steel), and the Bessemer process (strong, flexible steel).
• Coal mining saw massive growth in Britain between 1800 and 1914; for example, the number of miners grew from 50,000 to 1,200,000.
• Child labor was common in mines, with children working as "hurriers".

Fabrics

• Cottage industries were small businesses run from home
• Industrialization led to factories and increased textile manufacturing.
• Textile manufacturing increased from 50,000 to 400,000 bolts of cloth in 30 years.
• Richard Arkwright pioneered the factory system with the water frame.
• Factory production concentrates materials and labor in one place, near power sources, requiring high capital investment.
• By 1850, only 10% of English industry was factory-based.
• The number of looms and factory workers in England increased significantly between 1813 and 1850.
• The factory system involved a rigid schedule, 12-14 hour days, dangerous conditions, and mind-numbing monotony.
• John Kay invented the flying shuttle.

Steam Power

• James Watt's steam engine replaced water-powered factories.
• Steam power was applied to tractors and locomotives.

Spread of Industrialization

• Industrialization mainly spread in Europe, the United States, and the West due to individual freedoms, capitalism, and competition.
• Britain outlawed the export of most industrial equipment.
• Alexander Hamilton pushed industrialization in the United States, aided by a British defector
• The Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851 showcased the new industrial utopia.
• Robert Fulton invented the Steam Ship

French and German Industrialization

• The Napoleonic Code, free contracts, open markets, uniform commercial regulations, standard weights and measures, technical schools, government encouragement of inventors, and the Bank of France were French economic advantages.
• Years of war, heavy debts, high unemployment, and risk-averse businessmen were French economic disadvantages.
• Napoleonic Wars slowed French industrialization, but the government later supported it.
• Germany industrialized with Railroad development thanks to a lack of central government.

Industrialization in Asia

• Japan led industrialization in Asia, with the Meiji government modernizing in 1868.
• Russia, India, and China did not industrialize until 1900.

Problems of Pollution

• Pollution became a problem in industrial cities
• Worker housing was often poor.
• The life of the urban poor was bleak.

Labor Unions

• The Luddite movement (1811) involved workers attacking factories and smashing machines in protest of technology replacing jobs.
• Governments initially did not regulate working hours, pay, or conditions.
• Workers unified and organized into labor unions.
• Labor unions used collective bargaining and strikes.

Mass Production

• Mass production involves assembly lines and interchangeable parts.
• Interchangeable Parts facilitated fast production.

Capitalism and Competition

• Laissez-faire economics emerged, advocating for minimal government intervention in business affairs.

Adam Smith

• Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, arguing that the market would regulate itself through supply and demand.

Thomas Malthus

• Thomas Malthus argued that population growth would outpace the food supply, and that war, disease, or famine could control population.

Industry Leaders

• Industry owners replaced landowners as the new elite.
• Self starter entrepreneurs became much more prevalent
• Examples include Andrew Carnegie (steel), Vanderbilt (railroads), and Rockefeller (oil).

Socialism vs. Communism

• Socialism involves private ownership with high taxes and state-provided services, while communism involves government control of all property and resources.

Karl Marx

• Karl Marx believed capitalism left the poor poorer and advocated for equal pay for all.

Impact on Society

• The death of the cottage industry led to people working outside the home.
• Increased jobs led to urbanization.
• Increased income led to more "disposable income".
• Women became more independent.
• Overall standard of living increased.

Working Conditions

• The Peterloo Massacre (1819) involved British soldiers firing on British workers.
• The Chartists were a radical movement for Parliamentary reform, advocating for votes for all men, equal electoral districts, abolition of property ownership requirements for MPs, payment for MPs, annual general elections, and the secret ballot.
• The Anti-Corn Law League aimed to lower the price of bread, expand employment, and promote international peace through trade.

Economic Theories

• David Ricardo proposed the "Iron Law of Wages," suggesting that high wages lead to more children, creating a labor surplus that depresses wages.
• Utilitarians like Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill believed the goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number, with a role for government intervention.

Socialism

• Socialists, both Utopians and Marxists, believed that society should operate and own the means of production, aiming to benefit everyone, not just the wealthy.

The Industrial Revolution in England resulted from exploration, sea power, political stability, government support, and private investment. These factors created land, labor, and capital. Innovations in agriculture (like the seed drill and Enclosure Movement) and in production of metals led to massive growth.