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Questions and Answers
Who controlled the largest railroad empire in the United States during the industrial growth period?
Who controlled the largest railroad empire in the United States during the industrial growth period?
- Cornelius Vanderbilt (correct)
- Thomas Edison
- Andrew Carnegie
- J.P. Morgan
What was the purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act?
What was the purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act?
- To ban trusts and monopolies (correct)
- To provide workers' rights
- To regulate railroad rates
- To promote the growth of monopolies
What social benefits did Germany provide in the mid-1880s?
What social benefits did Germany provide in the mid-1880s?
- Universal voting rights
- Public housing initiatives
- Sickness, accident, and old age insurance (correct)
- Free education for all
Which event did NOT occur during the years of industrial growth from 1865 to 1914?
Which event did NOT occur during the years of industrial growth from 1865 to 1914?
What was one effect of the rise of organized labor during this period?
What was one effect of the rise of organized labor during this period?
Which U.S. President was in office during the passing of the Sherman Antitrust Act?
Which U.S. President was in office during the passing of the Sherman Antitrust Act?
What major advancement in steel production occurred in the 1850s?
What major advancement in steel production occurred in the 1850s?
How did the growth of railroads influence the steel industry?
How did the growth of railroads influence the steel industry?
What was one characteristic of the new breed of American business leaders in the late 1800s?
What was one characteristic of the new breed of American business leaders in the late 1800s?
What was one challenge associated with making steel before the Bessemer process?
What was one challenge associated with making steel before the Bessemer process?
What notable feature characterized the rivers in Pittsburgh as described by Trevelyan?
What notable feature characterized the rivers in Pittsburgh as described by Trevelyan?
Which process was developed by both William Kelly and Henry Bessemer?
Which process was developed by both William Kelly and Henry Bessemer?
What concept did Carnegie advocate for among the wealthy?
What concept did Carnegie advocate for among the wealthy?
What was one of the main reasons small factories closed in the late 1800s?
What was one of the main reasons small factories closed in the late 1800s?
How could corporations raise capital for investment?
How could corporations raise capital for investment?
What is a significant role of the board of directors in a corporation?
What is a significant role of the board of directors in a corporation?
What was a key factor that contributed to Carnegie becoming a millionaire?
What was a key factor that contributed to Carnegie becoming a millionaire?
What did stockholders hope to receive in return for their investments in a corporation?
What did stockholders hope to receive in return for their investments in a corporation?
What technological advancement significantly aided the distribution of goods in the late 1800s?
What technological advancement significantly aided the distribution of goods in the late 1800s?
What was the main purpose of forming a corporation during the industrial expansion?
What was the main purpose of forming a corporation during the industrial expansion?
What was the primary impact of the railroad boom after the Civil War?
What was the primary impact of the railroad boom after the Civil War?
Which technological advancement did Henry Ford introduce to automobile manufacturing?
Which technological advancement did Henry Ford introduce to automobile manufacturing?
What event is associated with Orville Wright?
What event is associated with Orville Wright?
What was a common strategy used by railroad executives to eliminate competition?
What was a common strategy used by railroad executives to eliminate competition?
How did the railroad network contribute to the American economy?
How did the railroad network contribute to the American economy?
What was one of the significant outcomes of powerful railroad owners?
What was one of the significant outcomes of powerful railroad owners?
Which political event happened in Britain around the time of the railroad boom?
Which political event happened in Britain around the time of the railroad boom?
What was William Vanderbilt known for?
What was William Vanderbilt known for?
What strategy did the McCormick Company employ to deal with striking workers?
What strategy did the McCormick Company employ to deal with striking workers?
What was the outcome of the clash between workers and strikebreakers on May 3, 1886?
What was the outcome of the clash between workers and strikebreakers on May 3, 1886?
What event occurred the day after the violence at the McCormick Company?
What event occurred the day after the violence at the McCormick Company?
Who led the rally at Haymarket Square?
Who led the rally at Haymarket Square?
What happened during the Haymarket Riot?
What happened during the Haymarket Riot?
How did the public react to the Haymarket Riot?
How did the public react to the Haymarket Riot?
What was the fate of the eight anarchists arrested following the Haymarket Riot?
What was the fate of the eight anarchists arrested following the Haymarket Riot?
What was an effect of the McCormick Company's strike and the Haymarket Riot on labor movements?
What was an effect of the McCormick Company's strike and the Haymarket Riot on labor movements?
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Study Notes
Railroads Spur Industry
- Railroad construction spurred the growth of the steel industry after the Civil War.
- Iron rails were used initially, but were prone to wear and tear, thus, railroad owners sought a more durable and rust-resistant option.
- The Bessemer process was a new method developed for making steel cheaper and stronger.
The Rise of Big Business
- The railroad boom led to large factories replacing smaller ones.
- Railroads facilitated distribution of goods to broader markets.
- Corporations, owned by investors, emerged to raise capital for expansion.
- Corporations sold stocks to invest in new factories, machines, raw materials, workers’ wages, shipping, and advertising.
- Stockholders received dividends, based on a corporation’s profit, to compensate for their investment.
- Corporations were run by boards of directors elected by stockholders to protect their interests.
Inventions Change the Nation
- Steel production increased drastically.
- The Bessemer process transformed the steel industry by enabling mass production of stronger steel at lower costs.
- Andrew Carnegie’s steel company produced more steel than all of Britain.
- Henry Ford introduced the assembly line production method.
- The automobile industry rapidly grew.
The Rise of Organized Labor
- Early labor unions struggled to improve workers’ conditions, including low wages and dangerous working conditions.
- The Knights of Labor was one of the first industrial unions advocating for a shorter workday, equal pay, and worker ownership of factories.
- The McCormick Harvester Company in Chicago used strikebreakers, temporary replacements for striking workers, to maintain production.
- The Haymarket Riot occurred in Chicago on May 3, 1886.
- Four workers were killed by police during a clash that took place during a strike.
- The next day, a rally organized by anarchists was held to protest the killings at Haymarket square.
- A bomb exploded during the rally, killing seven police officers and leading to a wave of antilabor sentiment across the nation.
- Eight anarchists were arrested without conclusive evidence, and four were executed.
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