The Immune System
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the primary function of the immune system?

  • To protect us from certain diseases
  • To protect us from everything
  • To protect us from physical harm
  • To protect us from anything that is not 'part of us' (correct)

    • What is the overall description of the system mentioned in the text?

  • Small and organized
  • Complex and organized
  • Complex and messy (correct)
  • Small and messy

    • What is the size of the system mentioned in the text?

  • Big (correct)
  • Small
  • Gigantic
  • Medium

    • During what time period were scientists and the public asking immunology-like questions?

    <p>Before 1950</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Did people have technology and insight about how disease protection worked before 1950?

    <p>No, they had no technology and no insight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'virulent' in relation to a disease?

    <p>The severity or seriousness of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientists weakened bacteria by growing them in broth and repeatedly transferring them to new broth?

    <p>Behring and Kitasato</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Behring and Kitasato find when they put the weakened bacteria into a new host?

    <p>The bacteria became non-infectious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Behring and Kitasato determine if the weakened bacteria were virulent or not?

    <p>By testing them on rabbits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two diseases have most of us been vaccinated against?

    <p>Diphtheria and tetanus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Have these two diseases completely disappeared?

    <p>No, they are still present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal was initially used to provide protective serum?

    <p>Rabbits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the switch from rabbits to horses for serum production?

    <p>Rabbits had limited blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antibodies provide short term protection against diseases?

    <p>Serum antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for body antibodies to be produced?

    <p>5-7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why won't a vaccine for tetanus work as fast as serum (is a component of blood)?

    <p>Vaccines take longer to produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the production of body antibodies?

    <p>It takes 5-7 days to produce body antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a vaccine do to your body?

    <p>It makes your body produce antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between serum and a vaccine?

    <p>Serum doesn't provide long term protection compared to a vaccine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a problem that can occur with vaccines?

    <p>Not enough B cells to produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for B cells to release antibodies?

    <p>5-7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many antibodies can one B cell release?

    <p>Millions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell makes contact with macrophages and transfers bits and pieces of pathogens to them?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do T cells go after making contact with macrophages?

    <p>Lymph glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells produce antibodies in response to T cells transferring to them?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells release cytokine proteins at the site of infection?

    <p>Macrophages and Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytokine proteins released by macrophages?

    <p>It is a signaling protein, that also increases blood permeability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cytokines?

    <p>Signaling proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a cytokine storm?

    <p>A condition where too many cytokine proteins are released, causing plasma loss which leads to shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a cytokine storm affect blood pressure?

    <p>It decreases blood pressure due to excessive plasma loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of going into shock due to a cytokine storm?

    <p>Loss of plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with hypothesizing that the protection agents in serum were proteins made by the horse?

    <p>Paul Ehrlich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Paul Ehrlich call the 'immune' proteins in serum?

    <p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Paul Ehrlich examine in his research?

    <p>Serum therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of cytokines mentioned in the text?

    <p>Bringing in antibodies, antibiotics, neutrophils, macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells do cytokines help to bring in?

    <p>White blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as being brought in by cytokines?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells produce antibodies in response to T cells transferring particle of the pathogen to them?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of antibodies in our body?

    <p>To fight off foreign invaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between antibodies and antibiotics?

    <p>Antibodies are made by our body, while antibiotics are not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False, Intact skin is the first line of innate immune defense.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents bacteria, viruses, and fungi from getting through intact skin?

    <p>Waterproof keratin protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pathogens may be able to burrow through intact skin?

    <p>Parasitic worms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the pH of fatty acids secreted by sebaceous glands?

    <p>They are too acidic for most pathogens to survive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common fungal infection on the surface of the skin?

    <p>Athlete's foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the low pH of the skin fine for many fungi?

    <p>Fungi can survive in acidic environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about sweat and bacteria on the skin?

    <p>Bacteria on the skin cannot survive in high salt environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why bacteria that make up the skin microbiome can tolerate high salt environments?

    <p>They are halophiles and naturally tolerate high salt concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Staphylococcus species on the skin?

    <p>They have the ability to tolerate high salt concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is referred to as non-specific immunity?

    <p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the innate immune system?

    <p>It is ready to go at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the innate immune system?

    <p>To provide a quick response to threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe the protection provided by the innate immune (all vertebrates and invertebrates have it) system?

    <p>Non-specific immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the innate immune system?

    <p>It is ready to go at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of innate immunity in response to a threat?

    <p>To provide a quick response to many different types of foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered the first line of defense in the innate immune system?

    <p>Intact skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third line of defense in the immune system that involves specialized T and B cells?

    <p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is the causative agent of whooping cough?

    <p>Bordatella pertussis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of the toxins released by Bordatella pertussis?

    <p>Paralysis of the cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can one contract as a result of the paralysis of cilia caused by Bordatella pertussis?

    <p>Bacterial pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of the ciliary escalator?

    <p>Mucus and cilia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the body does the mucus move up to when trying to clear the lungs?

    <p>Throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pathogens once they are covered with mucus?

    <p>They are blocked from attaching to host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of moving the mucus from the lungs?

    <p>To remove harmful bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of the cilia being paralyzed in patients with whooping cough?

    <p>The mucus cannot move up the lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mucus in the lungs?

    <p>To protect the lungs from infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the bacteria in whooping cough use the mucus for?

    <p>To form biofilms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory infections in people who smoke or work in environments with high levels of particulates and/or chemicals?

    <p>Damaged cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cilia in the lungs?

    <p>To move mucus up and out of the lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people who smoke or work in environments with high levels of particulates and/or chemicals suffer from respiratory infections at higher levels?

    <p>Their cilia is damaged/destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pH levels can normally kill S.aureus E. coli Salmonella Shigella?

    <p>pH of 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protects the E.coli bacteria, which is normally killed at a pH of 2 as it goes to the stomach?

    <p>Bolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can you usually get food poisoning from liquids?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the digestive system has a higher pH?

    <p>Large intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range of the small intestines?

    <p>4-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range of the large intestines?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neutrophil breaks down to form the neutrophil net?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the neutrophil net after it exits the neutrophil?

    <p>It traps pathogens and kills pathogens (due to the enzymes the neutrophil possess)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of neutrophil net formation?

    <p>To trap and kill pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proteins are released by macrophages and neutrophils at the site of infection?

    <p>Cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of neutrophil nets?

    <p>To trap and kill pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the breakdown of neutrophils to form neutrophil nets?

    <p>Netosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells eat up trapped bacteria from neutrophils and dead neutrophils?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of macrophages in the immune system?

    <p>Engulfing bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells present the exposed foreign particles to B cells in the lymph glands?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are antibodies released by B cells?

    <p>In the infected sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is unique to vertebrates and is also referred to as specific immunity?

    <p>Adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the adaptive immune system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the adaptive immune system swiftly eliminate a pathogen if encountered again?

    <p>By relying on memory of the specific pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the microbial name is always capitalized?

    <p>Genus name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are genus and species names formatted in microbial names?

    <p>Genus name is capitalized, species name is lower case both italicized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are viruses not named using the same format as other microbes?

    <p>They are not living things</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules can be used as markers to identify different bacterial strains of the same species?

    <p>Proteins and carbohydrates on the cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification system was used in early biology, dividing organisms into two kingdoms?

    <p>2 kingdoms: plant and animal kingdoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was the early biology classification system composed of?

    <p>2 kingdoms: plant and animal kingdoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three Domains into which all life forms have been split since the late 1980s?

    <p>Prokarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are the three Domains since the late 1980s?

    <p>Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a eukaryotic organism?

    <p>Mushrooms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain is considered 'sister groups' to eukarya based on similarities in their genes and metabolic pathways?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for considering Archaea domain as 'sister groups' to eukarya?

    <p>Similarities in their genes and metabolic pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the causative agent of a disease?

    <p>The pathogen that causes the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the adaptive immune system?

    <p>To recognize and respond to specific pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is referred to as non-specific immunity?

    <p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main component of flagella in E. coli?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of flagella in bacteria?

    <p>To help the bacteria move</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to know the strain of E. coli causing an outbreak of intestinal disease?

    <p>To track the source of the outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macromolecules make up the flagella of E. coli?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of flagella in bacteria?

    <p>Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can flagella of E. coli be seen with light microscopes?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key factor that contributes to the ability of this strain of E. coli to cause severe illness?

    <p>This strain of E.coli is not part of our microbiome, which is why it can make us sick.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of H7 in this strain of E. coli?

    <p>It is the flagella protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential source of contamination for this strain of E. coli?

    <p>Contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria can cause food borne illnesses and be used to track down outbreaks?

    <p>Campylobacter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is NOT mentioned as a cause of food borne illnesses?

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is known to cause Listeriosis, a serious infection?

    <p>Listeria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria can cause food borne illnesses and be used to track down outbreaks?

    <p>Salmonella (also all the above)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is NOT mentioned as a cause of food borne illnesses?

    <p>Pseudomonas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the breakdown of neutrophils to form neutrophil nets?

    <p>NETosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathogens is commonly associated with causing foodborne illness?

    <p>Listeria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cilia in the lungs?

    <p>To filter out dust particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is used to group different species of Streptococcus based on the work of Rebecca Lancefield?

    <p>M protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Lancefield groupings for Streptococcus?

    <p>It group Streptococcus bacteria based on their M protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with the development of Lancefield groupings for Streptococcus?

    <p>Rebecca Lancefield</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main reason why Streptococcus pneumonia is usually called Streptococcus pneumonia?

    <p>It does not have M protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with the development of Lancefield groupings for Streptococcus?

    <p>Rebecca Lancefield</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two groups of Streptococcus species are the ones we worry about?

    <p>Group A and Group B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strep group is known as Streptococcus agalactiae?

    <p>Strep group B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strep group doesn't affect humans?

    <p>Strep group C-S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for Strep group A?

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strep group is also known as Streptococcus pyogenes?

    <p>Strep group A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strep group is known as Streptococcus agalactiae?

    <p>Strep group B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signs and symptoms of infections can patients with strep group A and B show?

    <p>Wounds and blood infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately how many different strains of Streptococcus group A are there?

    <p>More than 50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the process of 'cell eating' where bacteria are taken in and broken apart inside a host cell?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'endo' mean in the term 'endocytosis'?

    <p>Within</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves macrophages taking in foreign bacteria and breaking them down with enzymes?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the immune system?

    <p>Taking in foreign bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is responsible for breaking down foreign bacteria in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes endosymbiosis?

    <p>A relationship where both the engulfer and the engulfed benefit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves a bigger cell taking in smaller cells and breaking them apart once they are inside?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves a smaller cell being engulfed by a host cell and living symbiotically within it?

    <p>Endosymbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is more common between endocytosis and endosymbiosis?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes endocytosis?

    <p>A process where a bigger cell takes in smaller cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in endosymbiosis?

    <p>Smaller cells reproduce and take over the host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the frequency of endosymbiosis?

    <p>Endosymbiosis is not common</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures within cells help keep cells alive but are not considered alive?

    <p>Organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell and is responsible for ATP production?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the duplication of one chromosome, does not have stages , and does not have to wait to duplicate?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about DNA?

    <p>DNA is made up of genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about chromosomes?

    <p>Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mitochondria in a cell?

    <p>Mitochondria produce ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between mitosis and binary fission?

    <p>Mitosis has various stages, while binary fission does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of chromosomes?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a unique feature of bacterial cells compared to eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about chromosomes?

    <p>Chromosomes synthesize protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of genes?

    <p>Genes code for proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells have a nuclear membrane?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is on big difference between bacteria and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Bacteria have a nuclear membrane, while eukaryotic cells do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nuclear membrane in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>It helps keep the chromosomes together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end result of mitosis?

    <p>Two identical daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms has 46 chromosomes?

    <p>Humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is ATP production located in bacteria?

    <p>Inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms do not have mitochondria?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a similarity between bacteria and mitochondria?

    <p>Both have circular DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mitoribosomes?

    <p>They make proteins for mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size comparison between bacteria and mitochondria?

    <p>They are about the same size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a similarity between bacteria and mitochondria?

    <p>Both are roughly the same size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle has its own ribosomes?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle has its own DNA?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mitoribosomes?

    <p>To make proteins for mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle has a double membrane layer (outer and inner membrane)?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitochondria?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures do eukaryotic cells share with bacteria?

    <p>Chromosomes, ribosomes, and cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure provides protection and prevents shearing and ripping if the cell wall was firmly attached to the cytoplasmic membrane?

    <p>Periplasmic space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the bacterial cell membrane?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if the cell wall was firmly attached to the cytoplasmic membrane without the periplasmic space?

    <p>There would be more shearing and ripping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria?

    <p>It provides protection and prevents shearing and ripping of the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria?

    <p>To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is another name for the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria?

    <p>Regulating the passage of substances in and out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is another name for the cytoplasmic membrane?

    <p>cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the cell wall important for bacteria?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of bacteria is mainly composed of protein and sugar?

    <p>Capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some advantages of bacterial capsules?

    <p>To inhibit enzyme destruction by macrophages and neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an advantage of bacterial capsules?

    <p>Making bacteria sticky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about bacterial capsules?

    <p>Capsules are made of protein and sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about bacteria and capsules?

    <p>Bacteria that have capsule are usually pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about bacterial capsules?

    <p>Bacterial capsules are coded by genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is encapsulated?

    <p>D and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is not encapsulated?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is also known as Strep pneumo?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cell does the capsule sit on top of?

    <p>Cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the cell wall and the outside environment?

    <p>The cell wall is in direct contact with the outside environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism occurs in pairs and has a thinner capsule compared to Streptococcus pneumoniae?

    <p>Neisseria meningitidis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of Neisseria meningitidis?

    <p>Cocci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria has a thicker capsule compared to Neisseria meningitidis?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is recommended to get a vaccine for streptococcus pneumonia?

    <p>Those over 65</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the vaccine for streptococcus pneumonia impacted the population?

    <p>It has affected less people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process do bacteria use to sense and respond to other bacteria?

    <p>Quorum sensing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of quorum sensing in bacteria?

    <p>To sense and respond to their own species and other species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of communication do bacteria use for quorum sensing?

    <p>Chemical communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following regulates bacterial gene expression by turning on specific genes?

    <p>Signaling molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of signaling molecules in bacterial communication?

    <p>To regulate bacterial gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the bacteria's gene is turned on by signaling molecules?

    <p>The protein responsible for the gene is activated and made</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of quorum sensing in bacterial colonies?

    <p>Coordinating toxin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of quorum sensing in bacterial colonies?

    <p>Inhibiting toxin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of an increase in bacteria in the context of biofilm formation?

    <p>Activation of genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the signaling protein in the process of biofilm formation?

    <p>To activate genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between an increase in bacteria and the production of biofilm?

    <p>Increase in bacteria leads to an increase in signaling protein, activates genes that code for the protein that form biofilms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end result of mitosis?

    <p>Formation of two identical daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the release of signaling molecules by bacteria?

    <p>The signaling molecules are released by the bacteria 24/7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bacteria use quorum sensing in the gut? example of competition using quorum sensing

    <p>To wage a never-ending war against harmful bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a way in which genes can be activated to break a biofilm when stressed?

    <p>Bacteria release enzymes as a community to break the biofilm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the activation of genes to break a biofilm?

    <p>Some bacteria die during the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the activation of genes to break a biofilm occur?

    <p>When bacteria are stressed, such as when food runs low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is the causative agent of cholera?

    <p>Vibrio cholera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about biofilms?

    <p>Biofilms can be both pathogenic and beneficial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the term used to describe the hardened biofilm that forms on teeth?

    <p>Plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of biofilm on teeth is not broken down regularly and forming a plaque?

    <p>It dissolves the tooth enamel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    brushing your teeth and using mouth wash regularly can help to break down?

    <p>To break down the biofilm on teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do we gain knowledge about metabolism cycles like the citric acid cycle?

    <p>By studying E.coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of studying E.coli in understanding metabolism cycles?

    <p>E.coli provides valuable insights into metabolism cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macromolecule group is responsible for energy storage in living organisms?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macromolecule group is involved in genetic information storage and transfer?

    <p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macromolecule group is involved in structural support and enzymatic functions?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a monosaccharide used by both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells for energy production?

    <p>Glucose, but also fructose and galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of monosaccharides in bacteria?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many carbon atoms do monosaccharides typically have?

    <p>3 to 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about lactose sugar?

    <p>It is a disaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about lactose sugar?

    <p>It is a monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lactose sugar classified as?

    <p>Disaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is produced by bacteria to break down lactose sugar?

    <p>Lactase (exoenzyme)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the products of lactose breakdown by bacteria?

    <p>Galactose and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do bacteria need to produce lactase to break down lactose sugar?

    <p>To exit the bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two carbohydrate molecules make up peptidoglycan in bacteria?

    <p>NAG and NAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is peptidoglycan located in bacteria?

    <p>In the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are carbohydrates important to bacteria?

    <p>To maintain cell shape and structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two carbohydrate molecules make up peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls?

    <p>NAG and NAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls?

    <p>To provide structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is peptidoglycan located in the bacterial cell?

    <p>In the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules act as cross-bridges to connect the NAM and NAG ( vertical and horizontal connect) in the bacterial cell wall?

    <p>Amino acids (peptido part)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen to the NAM-NAG molecules if all the amino acids were removed from the cell wall?

    <p>The molecules would fall apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a rigid cell wall important for bacteria?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme does penicillin inhibit in certain bacteria? especially Strep and Staph species

    <p>bacterial synthesizing enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the peptidoglycan layer when penicillin disables the synthesizing enzyme?

    <p>It becomes unstable and starts ripping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the bacterial synthesizing enzyme?

    <p>(1) for repair and (2) for new bacteria (through binary fission) to enlarge by adding amino acids to the peptidoglycan layer, thereby increasing the size of the cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme allows bacteria to enlarge by adding amino acids to the peptidoglycan layer?

    <p>Bacterial synthesizing enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following happens when the peptidoglycan layer of a bacteria is unable to repair itself?

    <p>Too much water rushes into the damaged cell wall sites and the bacteria bursts open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of too much water rushing into the damaged cell wall sites of a bacteria?

    <p>The bacteria bursts open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the bacteria essentially burst open when the peptidoglycan layer cannot repair itself?

    <p>Too much water rushes into the damaged cell wall sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary component of cell membranes?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lipids in cell membranes?

    <p>Both B and D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms do not stain well with Gram's stain due to their high wax content in cell walls and membranes?

    <p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a lipid?

    <p>Wax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to organisms with a high wax content in their cell walls and cell membranes when stained with a Gram's stain?

    <p>They don't stain at all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which elements are present in lipids?

    <p>Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Mycobacteria species?

    <p>They have a waxy layer on top of their cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the quirkiness of Mycobacteria species?

    <p>Their waxy layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of tuberculosis (TB) that contributes to its chronic nature?

    <p>TB has a slow metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long are non-routine TB cultures usually kept in the lab before reporting out a negative?

    <p>2-3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long are most non-routine cultures (e.g., urine, stool) held before reporting out?

    <p>48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term was used to describe tuberculosis for many years?

    <p>Consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is tuberculosis (consumption) considered a chronic disease?

    <p>Sluggish metabolism and slow reproductive rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme produced by Clostridium perfringens can break down lipids?

    <p>Lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lipase produced by Clostridium perfringens?

    <p>To break down lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are stat samples kept for a week?

    <p>To allow for growth and observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if there is no growth in a stat sample after 7 days?

    <p>The sample is discarded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of keeping stat samples in the incubator?

    <p>To promote growth of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genus of bacteria is well known for lipase production?

    <p>Clostridium species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lipase?

    <p>Break down lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Clostridium species?

    <p>They are well known for their lipase production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Clostridium species is are human pathogen

    <p>Clostridium botulinum (also all the above)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Clostridium species?

    <p>They are resistant to harsh conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of soil microbes like Clostridium species?

    <p>They often encounter harsh conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Clostridium species commonly found?

    <p>In soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of soil microbes in severe environmental stress?

    <p>They enter a state of suspended animation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for the endospore to have a chromosome?

    <p>To ensure the bacteria can reproduce when conditions are favorable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of an endospore?

    <p>To allow the bacteria to survive in extreme conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the causative agent for tetanus?

    <p>Clostridium tetani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for tetanus?

    <p>Lockjaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of paralysis does tetanus cause?

    <p>Spastic paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is responsible for causing flaccid paralysis?

    <p>Clostridium botulinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause infant botulism?

    <p>Honey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria can be killed by stomach acid but not its neurotoxin?

    <p>Clostridium botulinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria can produce a toxin through quorum sensing?

    <p>Both Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are babies more susceptible to botulism?

    <p>Their immune system isn't as robust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can stomach acid kill in Clostridium botulinum?

    <p>The bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria toxin doesn't have a protein wrap because it doesn't go through the GI system?

    <p>Clostridium tetani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can kill the Clostridium botulinum bacteria but not its neurotoxin?

    <p>Stomach acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about botulism?

    <p>The neurotoxin has a protein wrap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Concepts

    • The study emphasizes the importance of understanding problem-solving techniques in real-world scenarios.
    • Different methodologies, such as trial-and-error, systematic approaches, and heuristic strategies, are explored for effective problem-solving.

    Problem-Solving Techniques

    • Trial-and-error can be efficient but may lead to time consumption.
    • Systematic approaches involve organized steps to reach a solution, enhancing clarity and focus.
    • Heuristic strategies apply general rules of thumb to simplify complex problems, enabling faster resolutions.

    Application of Problem-Solving

    • Critical thinking is essential for evaluating solutions and their potential impacts.
    • Collaboration and diverse perspectives in teams can enhance problem-solving outcomes.
    • Real-life case studies showcase successful applications of different techniques in various fields.

    Challenges in Problem-Solving

    • Cognitive biases can hinder decision-making and lead to flawed conclusions.
    • Emotional factors often influence judgment, necessitating self-awareness in problem-solving processes.
    • Complexity of problems requires adaptive strategies and continuous learning to improve skills.

    Importance of Continuous Improvement

    • Continuous improvement fosters resilience and innovation in problem-solving capabilities.
    • Regular practice and reflection on past solutions enhance one's ability to tackle similar issues in the future.

    Conclusion

    • Mastery in problem-solving not only contributes to individual growth but also positively impacts organizational success and societal challenges.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge about the immune system and its primary function in protecting our bodies. Discover what the immune system considers as 'part of us' and why it is essential for our overall health.

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