The Human Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and Immune Responses Quiz

<p>Production of B lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortex of the thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromosome #6</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To process and present antigens to T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of galactose sugars on the surface of animal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance vaccine efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Staphylococcus epidermidis can cause infection on biomaterials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MRSA's</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PAS</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural Killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Live attenuated vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance vaccine efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rejection by the recipient's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short arm of chromosome #6</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Class II MHC molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To process and present antigens to T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of galactose sugars on animal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MRSA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gomori methenamine silver stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid and limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Part of the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rejection by the recipient's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Periodic acid-Schiff stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow and thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T-cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity and help in the recognition and destruction of infected cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The CD system is commonly used as cell markers in immunophenotyping to define or identify cells based on the presence of specific molecules on their surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive selection and negative selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognition, effector functions, regulation, and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innate immunity and adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and antigen presenting cells (APCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, and natural killer cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helper T cells are the major regulators of the immune response and produce lymphokines. Cytotoxic T cells mediate the killing of cells, viruses, tumors, and transplants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Latex sensitivity, hypersensitivity to materials, hypersensitivity to wear particles, and hypersensitivity to infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xenotransplants face rejection by the recipient's immune system due to differences in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and other factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis do not cause illness, but when they do, it is frequently in a hospital setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Staphylococcus epidermidis can cause infection on biomaterials such as catheters, prosthetic valves, cerebrospinal fluid shunts, joint prosthesis, vascular prosthesis, postoperative wounds, and venous catheters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Staphylococcus epidermidis is resistant to many antibiotics, including methicillin, all penicillins, panems, carbapanems, and cephalosporins. These are called MRSA's.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haptens are small molecules that bind to higher molecular weight molecules. Drugs can act as haptens by binding to larger molecules in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The different types of antigens include biological antigens (such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites), soluble molecules (toxins, chemicals leached from materials), and biomaterials with specific functional groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibodies have multiple functions in the immune system, including binding to antigens, facilitating the destruction of pathogens, activating complement proteins, and acting as opsonins to enhance phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to enhance their efficacy. They help to stimulate an immune response, often by causing inflammation and activating antigen-presenting cells. Adjuvants can improve the immune response to vaccines and enhance the production of antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three major classes of MHC molecules in humans are Class I, Class II, and Class III. Class I molecules present antigens to nucleated cells, Class II molecules present antigens to antigen presenting cells (APCs), and Class III molecules have various immune-related functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) are individual MHC molecules in humans. They are used in transplant matching to determine compatibility between the donor and recipient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Human Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class II D region is located on the short arm of chromosome #6.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main problem with xenotransplants is the presence of galactose sugars on the surface of animal cells, which can lead to an immune response and rejection of the transplanted organ or tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone Marrow = Cellularity = $100 - $ the age Thymus = This is where T-cells get educated Spleen = Responsible for filtering blood Lymph Nodes = Site of immune cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CD System = Commonly used as cell markers in immunophenotyping Memory = Ability of the immune system to remember past encounters with pathogens Clonality = Ability of the immune system to produce a large number of identical cells Specificity = Ability of the immune system to recognize and respond to specific pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T Cells = Responsible for direct killing of viruses, tumors, and transplants Antibodies = Proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens Macrophages = Engulf and destroy pathogens B Cells = Produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigens on surface of nucleated cells = Class I Humoral or Cell-Mediated Responses = Class II Minor antigens = Class III HLA used in transplant matching = Individual MHC</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigen Presenting Cells or APCs = Process and present antigen to T cells T cells = Require &quot;presentation&quot; of antigens by APCs Dendritic cells, B cells or macrophages = Examples of APCs APCs = Key to genesis of T cell responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recipient 1 = $1, 23$ Recipient 2 = $1, 24$ Donor 1 = $1, 24$ Donor 2 = $7, 8$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperacute = Minutes to hours, antigen-antibody reaction Acute = Days to months, cellular destruction and organ failure Chronic = Present in most transplanted tissues, slow organ deterioration Xenotransplants = Presence of galactose sugars on the surface of animal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Staphylococcus epidermidis = Resistant to many antibiotics, including methicillin, all penicillins, panems, carbapanems and cephalosporins MRSA = Strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis that are resistant to many antibiotics Mold = Not resistant to antibiotics Yeast = Not resistant to antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catheters = Can cause infection on biomaterials such as catheters Prosthetic valves = Can cause infection on biomaterials such as prosthetic valves Joint prosthesis = Can cause infection on biomaterials such as joint prosthesis Vascular prosthesis = Can cause infection on biomaterials such as vascular prosthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Silver = Commonly used to visualize fungi in histological samples Periodic acid Schiff = Commonly used to visualize fungi in histological samples Gomori metheamine silver = Commonly used to visualize fungi in histological samples PAS = Commonly used to visualize fungi in histological samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hapten = Small molecules that bind to higher molecular weight molecules, drugs are haptens Antigen = Biological- bacteria, viruses, parasites, RBC surface, cell surfaces, tissues, MHC (HLA) Antibody = Proteins in globulin fraction of blood, antibodies are functional, immunoglobulins are biochemical Adjuvant = Designed to help or enhance vaccine efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgG = Immunoglobulin in plasma that is most abundant in the body Active Vaccination = Seeks to actively stimulate immune memory which can protect from disease upon (re)exposure to pathogenic microorganisms Polyethyleneimines (PEI) = A cationic polymer that has been shown to be a potent adjuvant Passive Vaccination = Involves giving immunoglobulins (IgGs or plasma)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traditional (Inactivated) = More tedious and expensive to manufacture, immune response against the entire virus Modern (Genetic Engineered) = Much easier and less expensive to manufacture, only target one antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B cells = Produce plasma cells which secrete antibodies Plasma cells = Produce and secrete antibodies Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) = Capture, internalize, and degrade antigens, present them on their surface to T cells T cells = Recognize and kill virus-infected cells, activate B cells to produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helper T Cells = Major regulator of immune response, produce lymphokines Cytotoxic T Cells = Mediate killing of cells, viruses, tumors, transplants Regulatory T Cells = Involved in immune tolerance Natural Killer Cells = Directly kill viruses, tumors, transplants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokines = Cell-derived products that are soluble or membrane bound Interleukins = A type of cytokine, includes IL-1 and IL-6 Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha = A type of cytokine, abbreviated as TNF-a Colony Stimulating Factors = A type of cytokine, includes GM-CSF</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bamboo Spine = A condition caused by an autoimmune disorder called ankylosing spondylitis, where the spine fuses Autoimmune Disease = A reaction against 'self-antigens', where the immune system fails to recognize its own cells and tissues Osteolysis = A condition where the body's immune response to wear particles from a hip replacement leads to bone destruction Latex Sensitivity = Hypersensitivity to latex proteins, which can induce an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complement System = A group of proteins that work together to destroy foreign cells and pathogens Antibodies = Proteins produced by B cells that recognize and neutralize foreign substances in the body T Cells = Play a central role in cell-mediated immunity B Cells = Produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T lymphocytes = Cells responsible for direct killing of viruses, tumors, and transplants B lymphocytes = Cells that produce antibodies Natural Killer (NK) Cells = Cells that are CD3-, CD56+ and kill infected cells and produce cytokines Dendritic Cells = Antigen presenting cells that are the 'King' of APCs and can activate naïve T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunogen = A substance that is capable of inducing an immune response Epitopes = Complex chemicals, often greater than 10,000 M.W., normally not part of the host, molecules that react with antibodies (or T cell receptors) Antigen = A complex chemical that reacts with antibodies CD Markers = A system commonly used as cell markers in immunophenotyping, allowing cells to be defined or identified, based on what molecules are present on their surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innate Immunity = Type of immunity that is present at birth and includes phagocytes, complement, and immune cells Adaptive Immunity = Type of immunity that is acquired through exposure and includes antibodies, B and T cells, and complement. Specificity and memory are key Humoral Immunity = Type of immunity that involves B cells, plasma cells, and antibodies Cell-Mediated Immunity = Type of immunity that involves T cells, macrophages, B cells, cytokines, and lymphokines. The key is multicellular and integrated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T lymphocytes = Responsible for direct killing of viruses, tumors, and transplants B lymphocytes = Produce antibodies Dendritic Cells = The 'King' of APCs and can activate naïve T cells Macrophages = Phagocytic and produce cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers