The Human Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and Immune Responses Quiz

Spleen

90%

Maturation of T-cells

Production of B lymphocytes

Cortex of the thymus

Spleen

Humoral immunity

Chromosome #6

To process and present antigens to T cells

Chronic

The presence of galactose sugars on the surface of animal cells

Biological antigens

To bind to antigens

IgG

To enhance vaccine efficacy

Staphylococcus epidermidis can cause infection on biomaterials.

MRSA's

PAS

Helper T cells

Cytotoxic T cells

Cytotoxic T cells

Natural Killer cells

Live attenuated vaccines

To enhance vaccine efficacy

Chronic rejection

Phagocytosis of pathogens

T lymphocytes

Rejection by the recipient's immune system

Short arm of chromosome #6

Class II MHC molecules

To process and present antigens to T cells

Presence of galactose sugars on animal cells

Joints

MRSA

Gomori methenamine silver stain

Production of antibodies

Rapid and limited

Phagocytosis

Cytotoxic T cells

Part of the host

Production of B cells

Rejection by the recipient's immune system

Periodic acid-Schiff stain

Bone marrow and thymus

T-cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity and help in the recognition and destruction of infected cells.

The CD system is commonly used as cell markers in immunophenotyping to define or identify cells based on the presence of specific molecules on their surface.

Positive selection and negative selection

Recognition, effector functions, regulation, and memory

Innate immunity and adaptive immunity

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and antigen presenting cells (APCs)

Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, and natural killer cells.

Helper T cells are the major regulators of the immune response and produce lymphokines. Cytotoxic T cells mediate the killing of cells, viruses, tumors, and transplants.

Latex sensitivity, hypersensitivity to materials, hypersensitivity to wear particles, and hypersensitivity to infection.

Xenotransplants face rejection by the recipient's immune system due to differences in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and other factors.

Most strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis do not cause illness, but when they do, it is frequently in a hospital setting.

Staphylococcus epidermidis can cause infection on biomaterials such as catheters, prosthetic valves, cerebrospinal fluid shunts, joint prosthesis, vascular prosthesis, postoperative wounds, and venous catheters.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is resistant to many antibiotics, including methicillin, all penicillins, panems, carbapanems, and cephalosporins. These are called MRSA's.

Haptens are small molecules that bind to higher molecular weight molecules. Drugs can act as haptens by binding to larger molecules in the body.

The different types of antigens include biological antigens (such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites), soluble molecules (toxins, chemicals leached from materials), and biomaterials with specific functional groups.

Antibodies have multiple functions in the immune system, including binding to antigens, facilitating the destruction of pathogens, activating complement proteins, and acting as opsonins to enhance phagocytosis.

Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to enhance their efficacy. They help to stimulate an immune response, often by causing inflammation and activating antigen-presenting cells. Adjuvants can improve the immune response to vaccines and enhance the production of antibodies.

The three major classes of MHC molecules in humans are Class I, Class II, and Class III. Class I molecules present antigens to nucleated cells, Class II molecules present antigens to antigen presenting cells (APCs), and Class III molecules have various immune-related functions.

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) are individual MHC molecules in humans. They are used in transplant matching to determine compatibility between the donor and recipient.

The Human Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class II D region is located on the short arm of chromosome #6.

The main problem with xenotransplants is the presence of galactose sugars on the surface of animal cells, which can lead to an immune response and rejection of the transplanted organ or tissue.

Bone Marrow = Cellularity = $100 - $ the age Thymus = This is where T-cells get educated Spleen = Responsible for filtering blood Lymph Nodes = Site of immune cell activation

CD System = Commonly used as cell markers in immunophenotyping Memory = Ability of the immune system to remember past encounters with pathogens Clonality = Ability of the immune system to produce a large number of identical cells Specificity = Ability of the immune system to recognize and respond to specific pathogens

T Cells = Responsible for direct killing of viruses, tumors, and transplants Antibodies = Proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens Macrophages = Engulf and destroy pathogens B Cells = Produce antibodies

Antigens on surface of nucleated cells = Class I Humoral or Cell-Mediated Responses = Class II Minor antigens = Class III HLA used in transplant matching = Individual MHC

Antigen Presenting Cells or APCs = Process and present antigen to T cells T cells = Require "presentation" of antigens by APCs Dendritic cells, B cells or macrophages = Examples of APCs APCs = Key to genesis of T cell responses

Recipient 1 = $1, 23$ Recipient 2 = $1, 24$ Donor 1 = $1, 24$ Donor 2 = $7, 8$

Hyperacute = Minutes to hours, antigen-antibody reaction Acute = Days to months, cellular destruction and organ failure Chronic = Present in most transplanted tissues, slow organ deterioration Xenotransplants = Presence of galactose sugars on the surface of animal cells

Staphylococcus epidermidis = Resistant to many antibiotics, including methicillin, all penicillins, panems, carbapanems and cephalosporins MRSA = Strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis that are resistant to many antibiotics Mold = Not resistant to antibiotics Yeast = Not resistant to antibiotics

Catheters = Can cause infection on biomaterials such as catheters Prosthetic valves = Can cause infection on biomaterials such as prosthetic valves Joint prosthesis = Can cause infection on biomaterials such as joint prosthesis Vascular prosthesis = Can cause infection on biomaterials such as vascular prosthesis

Silver = Commonly used to visualize fungi in histological samples Periodic acid Schiff = Commonly used to visualize fungi in histological samples Gomori metheamine silver = Commonly used to visualize fungi in histological samples PAS = Commonly used to visualize fungi in histological samples

Hapten = Small molecules that bind to higher molecular weight molecules, drugs are haptens Antigen = Biological- bacteria, viruses, parasites, RBC surface, cell surfaces, tissues, MHC (HLA) Antibody = Proteins in globulin fraction of blood, antibodies are functional, immunoglobulins are biochemical Adjuvant = Designed to help or enhance vaccine efficacy

IgG = Immunoglobulin in plasma that is most abundant in the body Active Vaccination = Seeks to actively stimulate immune memory which can protect from disease upon (re)exposure to pathogenic microorganisms Polyethyleneimines (PEI) = A cationic polymer that has been shown to be a potent adjuvant Passive Vaccination = Involves giving immunoglobulins (IgGs or plasma)

Traditional (Inactivated) = More tedious and expensive to manufacture, immune response against the entire virus Modern (Genetic Engineered) = Much easier and less expensive to manufacture, only target one antigen

B cells = Produce plasma cells which secrete antibodies Plasma cells = Produce and secrete antibodies Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) = Capture, internalize, and degrade antigens, present them on their surface to T cells T cells = Recognize and kill virus-infected cells, activate B cells to produce antibodies

Helper T Cells = Major regulator of immune response, produce lymphokines Cytotoxic T Cells = Mediate killing of cells, viruses, tumors, transplants Regulatory T Cells = Involved in immune tolerance Natural Killer Cells = Directly kill viruses, tumors, transplants

Cytokines = Cell-derived products that are soluble or membrane bound Interleukins = A type of cytokine, includes IL-1 and IL-6 Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha = A type of cytokine, abbreviated as TNF-a Colony Stimulating Factors = A type of cytokine, includes GM-CSF

Bamboo Spine = A condition caused by an autoimmune disorder called ankylosing spondylitis, where the spine fuses Autoimmune Disease = A reaction against 'self-antigens', where the immune system fails to recognize its own cells and tissues Osteolysis = A condition where the body's immune response to wear particles from a hip replacement leads to bone destruction Latex Sensitivity = Hypersensitivity to latex proteins, which can induce an immune response

Complement System = A group of proteins that work together to destroy foreign cells and pathogens Antibodies = Proteins produced by B cells that recognize and neutralize foreign substances in the body T Cells = Play a central role in cell-mediated immunity B Cells = Produce antibodies

T lymphocytes = Cells responsible for direct killing of viruses, tumors, and transplants B lymphocytes = Cells that produce antibodies Natural Killer (NK) Cells = Cells that are CD3-, CD56+ and kill infected cells and produce cytokines Dendritic Cells = Antigen presenting cells that are the 'King' of APCs and can activate naïve T cells

Immunogen = A substance that is capable of inducing an immune response Epitopes = Complex chemicals, often greater than 10,000 M.W., normally not part of the host, molecules that react with antibodies (or T cell receptors) Antigen = A complex chemical that reacts with antibodies CD Markers = A system commonly used as cell markers in immunophenotyping, allowing cells to be defined or identified, based on what molecules are present on their surface

Innate Immunity = Type of immunity that is present at birth and includes phagocytes, complement, and immune cells Adaptive Immunity = Type of immunity that is acquired through exposure and includes antibodies, B and T cells, and complement. Specificity and memory are key Humoral Immunity = Type of immunity that involves B cells, plasma cells, and antibodies Cell-Mediated Immunity = Type of immunity that involves T cells, macrophages, B cells, cytokines, and lymphokines. The key is multicellular and integrated

T lymphocytes = Responsible for direct killing of viruses, tumors, and transplants B lymphocytes = Produce antibodies Dendritic Cells = The 'King' of APCs and can activate naïve T cells Macrophages = Phagocytic and produce cytokines