The Founding of Britain: Celtic and Roman Influences
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Questions and Answers

What is the origin of the name 'Britain'?

  • Derived from ancient Greek
  • Derived from Celtic (correct)
  • Derived from Anglo-Saxon
  • Derived from Roman

Which group of Celts invaded Britain around 1,000 B.C.?

  • Goidelic Celts (correct)
  • Gauls
  • Brytonic Celts
  • Warlike Celts

What significant contribution did the Romans make to Britain during their rule?

  • Introduction of the Gaelic language
  • Development of a legal system (correct)
  • Establishment of monarchy
  • Creation of tribal alliances

Which language was imposed on the people of Britain by the invading Celts?

<p>Gaelic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the period when Roman and Celtic cultures coexisted?

<p>Celtic-Roman period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Romans have on British aristocracy?

<p>Led to Romanization of the upper class (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who invaded Britain after the Romans left?

<p>The Anglo-Saxons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major change occurred in the 4th century AD regarding religion in Britain?

<p>Christianity was introduced by missionaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom did not fall under the control of the Germanic Angels and Saxons?

<p>Cornwall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred in 829 regarding the kingdoms of England?

<p>All kingdoms accepted Egbert of Wessex as overlord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the arrival of the Normans in 1066 impact the English aristocracy?

<p>French aristocracy replaced the English aristocracy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant outcome of the Battle of Hastings?

<p>The reinforcement of the feudal system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What important record did William I commission for taxation purposes?

<p>The Domesday Book (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes King John’s reign?

<p>He faced significant opposition and turmoil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Viking dominance, which of the following was true about their rule?

<p>They oppressed Saxon resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What language began to dominate among the aristocrats after the Norman Conquest?

<p>French (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the coalition against King John that led to the creation of Magna Carta in 1215?

<p>Discontent with increased taxation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant document established the foundation for limiting the powers of feudal kings?

<p>The Magna Carta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event followed after King John's agreement to Magna Carta?

<p>Establishment of Parliament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the establishment of local government during Henry III's reign?

<p>Four knights supervising counties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the use of language change among English rulers by the 13th century?

<p>They started to use English predominantly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event signified a drastic decline in the population of England during the 14th century?

<p>The Black Death (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a direct consequence of the Hundred Years War on the English parliament?

<p>Control of taxation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a result of the labor shortage caused by the Black Death?

<p>Decline of feudalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What political conflict was characterized by the emblematic roses of the rival houses?

<p>Wars of the Roses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action did Henry VIII take after the Pope refused his request for a divorce?

<p>He broke with Rome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who succeeded Mary I and established Protestantism in England?

<p>Elizabeth I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred in church services during Henry VIII's reign?

<p>They were conducted in English. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Elizabeth I's notable achievements by the time of her death?

<p>She turned England into a powerful nation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these actions was NOT taken by Henry VIII during his reign?

<p>He launched a war against France. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the duration of the Wars of the Roses?

<p>30 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prominent characteristic defined Henry VIII as a Renaissance prince?

<p>His engagement in the arts and learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What declaration was made by the Act of Supremacy established by Elizabeth in 1559?

<p>The queen was the supreme governor of the Church. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary allegation against Mary, Queen of Scots, during Elizabeth's reign?

<p>She was involved in the assassination plots against Elizabeth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant military conflict occurred in 1588 involving England?

<p>The defeat of the Spanish Armada (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated the Puritans to seek reform within the Church of England?

<p>A belief that the Anglican Church was not strict enough. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was King Charles I's belief regarding governance?

<p>In the divine right of kings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who led Parliament during the English Civil War?

<p>Oliver Cromwell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggered the outbreak of the English Civil War?

<p>King Charles I's attempts to rule without Parliament. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main consequence of Elizabeth's reign in terms of church and state relations?

<p>Protestantism became the national religion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of government was established in England after the execution of King Charles I?

<p>A commonwealth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major event occurred in England in 1660?

<p>The return of King Charles II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one key characteristic of Oliver Cromwell's rule during the Commonwealth period?

<p>Closure of theatres (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legislation did parliament pass to reaffirm the supremacy of the Anglican Church during King Charles II's reign?

<p>The Test Act (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which conflict led to the creation of two groups: the petitioners and the abhorrers during King Charles II's reign?

<p>Debates over the heredity principle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did King Charles II maintain his political power during his reign?

<p>By ruling without parliament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treaty did King Charles II sign that involved an alliance with King Louis XIV of France?

<p>The Treaty of Dover (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Restoration period under King Charles II?

<p>Increased artistic and scientific advancements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Celtic Invasions

Two waves of Celtic migration to Britain around 1000 BC and 4th Century BC, bringing their language and forming the early aristocracy.

Roman Britain

Roman rule of Britain (c. 55-54 BC - 4th Century AD), characterized by Roman legal/tax systems, architecture, and the expansion of Latin language.

Romanization of Britain

Adoption of Roman culture and language by the upper classes in Britain during Roman rule.

Roman Withdrawal

The departure of Roman troops from Britain in the 4th century AD, leading to subsequent invasions and changes.

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Prehistoric Britain

Inhabitants of Britain before the arrival of the Celts, who developed animal husbandry and farming techniques.

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Anglo-Saxons

A group that invaded and significantly impacted British history after the Roman withdrawal.

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Goidelic Celts

Early Celtic group that migrated to Britain and left traces in parts of Ireland and the Highlands.

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Brytonic Celts

Celtic group that settled in Britain, closely related to the Gauls of France.

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Anglo-Saxon England

England, excluding Cornwall, Wales, and Cumberland, was overrun by Germanic Angles and Saxons after the Roman withdrawal.

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Danish Raiders (Vikings)

Vikings, who were skilled fighters and sailors, raided and eventually controlled parts of England, especially the North and East.

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Norman Conquest (1066)

William of Normandy defeated Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings, becoming King William I of England.

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William the Conqueror

King of England (William I) who established the Norman dynasty and significantly impacted English social structure and governance.

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Doomsday Book

A comprehensive record of England's wealth and population, compiled by William I's advisors for taxation purposes.

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Feudal System

A system of social hierarchy where peasants had to get permission from their lords to do pretty much everything.

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Magna Carta

A document that limited the power of the English monarch and established some rights for the people.

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King John

English king who faced problems with both England and France after Richard I's death.

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King John's Challenges

King John faced a strong English nobility, difficulties managing French possessions, and a powerful Pope who threatened his reign.

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Birth of Parliament

Henry III established a council of 15 people to advise on government matters, a precursor to the modern parliament.

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Local Government under Henry III

Henry III introduced a system of four knights to oversee local government in each county.

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Simon de Montfort's Rebellion

A conflict between Henry III and his sister's husband, Simon de Montfort, who ultimately won and ruled England.

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Rise of the English Nation

During the 13th century, English rulers embraced English identity, adopting English as their primary language.

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Black Death Impact

The Black Death epidemic decimated the English population in 1348-1349, leading to labour shortages and social unrest.

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100 Years War and Parliament's Power

The 100 Years War with France created financial problems, allowing Parliament to gain control over taxation and ministerial appointments.

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Lollard Movement

A religious group in England that advocated for reform and challenged the Church's practices, anticipating the Reformation.

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War of the Roses

A 30-year civil war in England (1455-1485) between the House of York (white rose) and the House of Lancaster (red rose) for the throne.

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Tudor Dynasty

The royal dynasty of England that began with Henry VII in 1485, following the War of the Roses.

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Henry VIII's Divorce

King Henry VIII's break with the Catholic Church to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn, leading to the establishment of the Church of England.

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Supreme Head of the Church of England

Henry VIII's title declared by Parliament, giving him control over the Church of England and reducing the Pope's authority.

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Queen Elizabeth I

The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, who became Queen of England and a strong Protestant ruler.

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Mary I

The Catholic daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. She tried to bring Catholicism back to England.

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Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII's second wife, known for her elegance and her role in the break with the Catholic Church.

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Act of Supremacy

A 1559 law declaring the English monarch the 'supreme governor of the Church,' establishing Protestantism as the national religion.

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Mary, Queen of Scots

The Catholic Queen of Scotland, accused of plotting against Elizabeth I and executed in 1587, fueled English-Catholic tensions.

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Spanish Armada

A powerful Spanish fleet sent by King Philip II to invade England in 1588, but defeated by the English navy.

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King James I

The first Stuart monarch of England, who ascended the throne after Elizabeth I's death in 1603.

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House of Stuart

A Scottish dynasty that ruled England from 1603 to 1714, succeeding the Tudor dynasty.

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Puritans

Protestant reformers who believed the Church of England needed to be purified and made more strict.

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English Civil War

A conflict between the Stuart monarchy and Parliament from 1640 to 1651, fueled by religious and political disputes.

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Oliver Cromwell

A Puritan military leader who led Parliament's forces during the English Civil War, eventually becoming Lord Protector of England.

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The Commonwealth

The period in English history (1649-1660) when England was ruled as a republic without a king, following the execution of Charles I.

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Restoration

The period in English history (1660-1713) when King Charles II was restored to the throne, ending the Commonwealth and ushering in a period of cultural and artistic flourishing.

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Declaration of Indulgence

A declaration issued by King Charles II that granted religious freedom to nonconformist Protestants and Roman Catholics, allowing them to hold public office.

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Test Act

A law passed by Parliament in response to the Declaration of Indulgence, reaffirming the supremacy of the Anglican Church and excluding Catholics and nonconformists from office.

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Heredity Principle

The belief that the right to rule should be passed down through a family line, not chosen by politicians.

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Petitioners and Abhorrers

Two political factions that emerged during Charles II's reign: Petitioners opposed the king's attempts to weaken Parliament, while Abhorrers supported his rule.

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Charles II's Legacy

Charles II left a strong and financially secure monarchy, despite conflicts with Parliament and his religious policies. His reign also saw significant economic achievements, setting the stage for future British expansion.

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Study Notes

I. The Founding of Britain

  • Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales) derived its name from the Roman name Britannica, which, in turn, came from ancient Celtic.
  • Before the Celts, Britain was inhabited for thousands of years.
  • By 1000 BCE, Celts migrated to Britain.
  • The Goidelic Celts (early Celts) were related to the Gaels of Ireland and the Highlands.
  • The Brytonic Celts (later Celts) were closely related to the Gauls of France.
  • Celtic artisans were skilled in pottery and metalwork.
  • Celts arrived in Britain around 800 BCE from Central Europe (France and Germany).
  • Other groups of Celts invaded later, in the 4th century BCE, and conquered land in the north of England and in Scotland and Ireland.
  • These Celts established the first aristocracy, controlling most of Britain.
  • They influenced the language, Gaelic, in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.

2. The Romans

  • The Romans arrived in Britain in 55 and 54 BCE.
  • They established a peaceful presence for about 300 years.
  • They brought a legal system, tax system, engineering skills, Roman architecture, and the Latin language to Britain.
  • After initial resistance, Roman culture was adopted.
  • It's referred to as the Celtic-Roman period because of the coexistence of both cultures.
  • In the 4th century CE, Rome converted to Christianity, and missionaries spread the religion to Britain.
  • In the 4th century CE, with the empire's collapse, Roman troops left Britain.

3. The Anglo-Saxons

  • After the Romans left, there were approximately 200 years of Germanic peoples (Angles and Saxons) arriving in Britain, conquering almost all of England except Cornwall, Wales, and Cumberland.
  • Remnants of Roman re-occupations occurred around 427 and 450 CE.
  • England was divided into several kingdoms. Northumbria, Kent, and Wessex were prominent.
  • The kingdoms fought for supremacy.

4. The Normans

  • In 1066, William the Conqueror (from Normandy) defeated Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings.
  • William I became King William I of England.
  • This battle was a turning point in English history, leading to the following:
    • French aristocracy replaced the native English aristocracy.
    • Social classes became more defined.
    • Feudal system became more established.
    • English peasants had to follow their lords' rules.
    • The language switched from English to French.
  • Saxons were farmers, and Vikings were skilled sailors and fighters.
  • English language is based on Germanic languages

II. Medieval England

  • Magna Carta (1215) and Parliament (1199-1272):
    • King John faced problems-- strong nobility, French possessions, and the church.
    • Magna Carta, a document that limited the king's power, was signed in response to these issues, influenced by Parliament and the growing power of the English aristocracy.
    • Magna Carta was a step towards English Parliament and limiting the power of the king.

III. The Tudors

  • Henry VIII (1509-1547):
    • A Renaissance prince, and ruler.
    • He had conflicts over his divorce and Catherine of Aragon.
    • Declared himself head of the Church of England.
    • This led to significant changes in religious practices.

2. Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603):

  • Henry's daughter, restored Protestantism as England's national religion
  • Changed English identity as a nation
  • Her reign marked a Golden Age.

IV. The Stuarts: A Scottish Dynasty (1603- 1714)

  • King James VI of Scotland became James I of England.
  • The Stuart Dynasty marked a period of religious conflicts and political tensions that culminated in the English Civil War.
  • The English Civil War (1640-1649), led by Cromwell
  • Ended the monarchy and established a commonwealth.

V. The Restoration (1660-1713)

  • Charles II, the exiled king, returned to the throne.
  • A period of scientific advances and artistic achievements occurred.

VI. The Victorian Era

  • England ruled a vast empire.
  • The Industrial Revolution occurred.
  • The 19th century marked the height of British power.

Later British History

  • Foreign affairs:
    • Involvement in both World Wars.
    • Losing the Empire and its economic consequences
    • Colonial policies created problems.
  • Economic issues: The decline of industrial powers and the rise of other industrial nations, as well as financial difficulties, contributed to weakening the economy

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Explore the early history of Britain, focusing on the Gallic and Goidelic Celts, their migration, and the significant impact of Roman occupation. This quiz delves into the cultural and societal changes brought by these groups, shaping Britain's early identity and aristocracy.

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