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Questions and Answers
What event marked the beginning of the insurrections in Venice in 1848?
Who were the main leaders of the Venetian uprising against Austrian rule in 1848?
What strategy did the citizens of Milan employ to initiate their revolt against Austrian taxation?
How long did the Repubblica di San Marco last?
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During the revolt in Milan, which of the following actions was NOT taken by Radetzky's soldiers?
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What sparked the violent revolt in Milan between 17 and 22 March 1848?
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Which city was the first to rebel against the Habsburgs during the first war of independence?
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What was the military strategy employed by Radetzky during the Milan revolt?
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What motivated the King of Sardinia to invade Lombardy-Venetia?
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What was a concern for Charles Albert regarding the invasion?
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Which battle marked a significant defeat for the Piedmontese army?
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What was the fate of Charles Albert after the war?
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What was a positive outcome of the first war of independence?
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What led to the short-lived nature of the uprisings in cities like Florence and Rome?
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What conditions did Marshal Radetzky impose after the war?
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What happened to the Austrian control over northern Italy following the war?
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Study Notes
The First War of Independence
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The First Insurrections in Venice
- Venice, still remembering its centuries-long independence, revolted against the Austrian government in March 1848.
- This was led by patriots Daniele Manin and Niccolo Tommaseo.
- The Repubblica di San Marco was proclaimed on March 22nd, 1848 and lasted until August 22nd, 1849.
- Venice's uprising sparked similar rebellions in other Italian cities, including Milan, Parma, Piacenza, and Modena.
Milan and the Five Days
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Austrian Garrison
- 14,000 Austrian soldiers were stationed in Milan under Marshal Radetzky, a key figure in the Italian Risorgimento.
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The Smoking Strike
- On March 17th, Milanese citizens staged a "smoking strike," refusing to buy Austrian-taxed tobacco, causing economic damage to the Austrian government.
- The protest escalated into a violent revolt with citizens constructing barricades against Austrian troops.
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The Battle for Milan
- From March 17th to 22nd, intense fighting occurred in Milan, resulting in approximately 300 fatalities.
- The Milanese successfully drove out the Austrian troops, forcing them to retreat to the Quadrilatero, a system of fortifications.
The Sardinian Intervention
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King Carlo Alberto's Decision
- Carlo Alberto, King of Sardinia, decided to intervene in Lombardy-Venetia on March 25th, 1848, despite initial hesitation and fear of appearing as an aggressor to other European powers.
- He lacked significant allies on the Italian peninsula, with the Pope opposing Austria's expulsion due to their close historical ties.
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The Sardinian Army's Advance
- The Piedmontese army crossed the Ticino river and entered Milan on March 26th.
- They were joined by volunteer contingents from Naples, Tuscany, and the Papal States.
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Initial Successes and Defeat
- The Sardinian army achieved some early victories in the battles of Curtatone, Montanara, and Goito.
- However, Austrian numerical and tactical superiority proved decisive in the battle of Custoza (July 25-26) where Carlo Alberto's forces were overwhelmed.
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Austrian Recapture of Milan
- The Austrians recaptured Milan, forcing Carlo Alberto to sign an armistice.
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Resumption of Hostilities and Novara
- Hostilities resumed in March 1849, leading to another devastating defeat for the Piedmontese at the Battle of Novara.
- King Carlo Alberto, humiliated by this defeat, abdicated, ceding the throne to his son, Victor Emmanuel II.
Outcomes of the First War of Independence
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Positive Outcomes
- The first war of independence saw successful uprisings against foreign occupation in cities including Florence (October 1848) and Rome (February 1849).
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Negative Outcomes
- The Austrians reasserted control over Northern Italy.
- The war's outcome returned the region to its pre-war territorial status.
- Marshal Radetzky imposed new peace conditions, demanding a more moderate government in the Kingdom of Sardinia, the re-establishment of diplomatic relations with Austria, and the disarmament of the Sardinian army.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key events of the First War of Independence in Italy, including the revolts in Venice and the uprising in Milan. Explore the roles of patriots like Daniele Manin and the implications of the Austrian presence in the region. This quiz will cover significant incidents and figures during this crucial period in Italian history.