The English Revolution (1642-1660)

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors primarily contributed to the economic grievances that fueled the English Revolution?

  • The Stuart kings' taxation policies and monopolies that burdened merchants and landowners. (correct)
  • Decreased international trade due to conflicts with neighboring countries.
  • Government nationalization of private industries without compensation.
  • Increased funding for public works projects that led to widespread inflation.

How did the English Revolution challenge the established political order in Europe?

  • By forming a powerful alliance with other European monarchies to suppress revolutionary movements.
  • By executing Charles I, challenging the divine right of kings and leading to a period of republican government. (correct)
  • By advocating for the divine right of kings, reinforcing traditional monarchical power.
  • By promoting religious uniformity and suppressing dissenting religious groups.

What was the primary reason the monarchy was restored in England in 1660?

  • Popular support for Oliver Cromwell's continued rule waned after years of strict Puritanical governance.
  • The military, under the command of Thomas Fairfax, forced Parliament to reinstate the monarchy.
  • The English population feared a French invasion by Louis XIV.
  • Parliament saw the restoration as a way to bring stability after the Interregnum period. (correct)

Which of the following best describes Oliver Cromwell's role during the Interregnum?

<p>He ruled as Lord Protector, exercising significant executive authority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the conclusion of the English Revolution impact the development of political thought?

<p>It contributed to the development of modern political thought, including ideas about individual rights and liberties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the abolition of royal monopolies during the English Revolution?

<p>Increased economic opportunities for merchants and landowners. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the legacy of the English Revolution?

<p>Inspired revolutions and movements for political reform across Europe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides Charles I, Thomas Fairfax, and Oliver Cromwell, what was the significance of radical religious groups like the Levellers and Diggers during the English Revolution?

<p>They advocated for social and political reforms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key principle was established when the Bill of Rights was signed in 1689?

<p>Further limited the power of the monarchy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event immediately followed the Interregnum period in English history?

<p>The Restoration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

English Revolution

Period of conflict (1642-1660) resulting in the overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of a republic in England.

Religious Tensions (English Revolution)

Tensions between the Protestant majority and the Stuart kings, who were perceived as sympathetic to Catholicism.

Economic Grievances (English Revolution)

Royal taxation policies and monopolies burdened merchants and landowners, leading to discontent.

Political Conflicts (English Revolution)

Conflict stemming from the Stuart kings' belief in the divine right of kings versus Parliament's desire for a greater role.

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Charles I

King of England whose policies led to conflict with Parliament and his execution in 1649.

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Oliver Cromwell

Military and political leader who led the Parliamentarians to victory and ruled as Lord Protector during the Interregnum.

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The Interregnum

The period from 1649-1660 of republican rule under Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector, between the execution of Charles I and the restoration of the monarchy.

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The Restoration

The return of the monarchy in 1660 when Charles II ascended to the throne, marking the end of the Interregnum.

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Parliamentary Sovereignty

The principle that the power of Parliament is supreme and the monarch's power is limited.

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Bill of Rights (1689)

Signed in 1689, this further limited the power of the monarchy and protected individual rights.

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Study Notes

  • The English Revolution refers to a period of conflict in the mid-17th century (1642-1660) that resulted in the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic.

Causes of the Revolution

  • Religious tensions existed between the Protestant majority and the Stuart kings, who were perceived as sympathetic to Catholicism.
  • Economic grievances arose from royal taxation policies and monopolies, which burdened merchants and landowners.
  • Political conflicts involved the Stuart kings' belief in the divine right of kings versus Parliament's desire for a greater role in government.
  • The Stuart kings' attempts to rule without Parliament and impose taxes directly fueled resentment.

Key Events

  • The First English Civil War (1642-1646) pitted Royalists (Cavaliers) supporting Charles I against Parliamentarians (Roundheads).
  • The Second English Civil War (1648-1649) saw renewed conflict after Charles I tried to regain power.
  • The execution of Charles I in 1649 was a pivotal event that abolished the monarchy and established the Commonwealth.
  • The Interregnum (1649-1660) was the period of republican rule under Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector.
  • The Restoration of the monarchy occurred in 1660 with Charles II's accession to the throne.

Key Figures

  • Charles I was the King of England whose policies led to conflict with Parliament and his eventual execution.
  • Oliver Cromwell was a military and political leader who led the Parliamentarians to victory and ruled as Lord Protector.
  • Thomas Fairfax was a military leader who served as commander-in-chief of the Parliamentarian army.

Political and Religious Changes

  • The execution of Charles I challenged the divine right of kings and led to a period of republican government.
  • The establishment of the Commonwealth and Protectorate represented an experiment in republicanism.
  • Religious divisions persisted despite attempts to establish a unified Protestant church.
  • Radical religious groups such as the Levellers and Diggers advocated for social and political reforms.

Economic and Social Changes

  • Royal monopolies were abolished.
  • The power of the landed gentry increased as they gained more control over local government.

The Restoration

  • The monarchy was restored.
  • Charles II returned from exile and ascended to the throne, marking the end of the Interregnum.
  • The Church of England was re-established as the state church.
  • The political landscape shifted as Royalists regained influence.

Consequences and Legacy

  • The English Revolution had a lasting impact on British political and constitutional development.
  • It helped establish the principle of parliamentary sovereignty and limited government.
  • The revolution influenced subsequent revolutions and movements for political reform in Europe and beyond.
  • It contributed to the development of modern political thought, including ideas about individual rights and liberties.
  • The revolution resulted in the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.
  • The Bill Of Rights was signed in 1689, further limiting the power of the monarchy.

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