Body System Revision Quiz BMS
42 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

  • To protect the body from pathogens
  • To maintain homeostasis within the body (correct)
  • To facilitate gas exchange in the lungs
  • To transport nutrients throughout the body

How do hormones typically interact with target cells?

  • They are broken down immediately upon entering the bloodstream.
  • They bind to specific receptors on or in target cells. (correct)
  • They are metabolized by all cells in the body, regardless of type.
  • They alter the genetic code of the target cell.

Which of the following is the largest part of the pituitary gland, responsible for producing many different hormones?

  • Posterior lobe
  • Anterior lobe (correct)
  • Hypothalamus
  • Intermediate lobe

Which characteristic distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?

<p>Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from the thyroid gland being overactive?

<p>Hyperthyroidism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is characterized by the pancreas not producing enough insulin?

<p>Diabetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with acromegaly. What hormonal imbalance is most likely the cause?

<p>Increased growth hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lifestyle advice is typically the first stage of recommendation for which type of diabetes?

<p>Type 2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concern when providing dental treatment to a patient with endocrine disorders?

<p>The potential for altered healing and infection risk. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between periodontitis and diabetes?

<p>They exhibit a bi-directional relationship where each can influence the severity of the other. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of hemoglobin?

<p>To transport oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes anemia from other blood disorders?

<p>Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pica, koilonychia and angular cheilitis are clinical signs associated with which condition?

<p>Iron deficiency anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is folate supplementation particularly important for women who are pregnant?

<p>To prevent neural tube defects in the developing fetus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between sickle cell anemia and thalassemia?

<p>Sickle cell anemia causes red blood cells to become misshapen, while thalassemia reduces the amount of hemoglobin produced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers conditions known as sickle cell crises?

<p>Conditions or situations that place stress on the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic shared by leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma?

<p>They are all cancers of white blood cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

<p>To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does oxygen bind to hemoglobin for transport throughout the body?

<p>In the alveoli of the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in external respiration?

<p>Oxygen moves from the lungs to the blood, and carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sinuses, such as the frontal sinus, in the respiratory system?

<p>To humidify and warm the air inhaled through the nasal cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of airway diseases like asthma and COPD?

<p>The ability to move air in and out of the lungs is compromised (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs during an asthma attack?

<p>Inflammation and narrowing of the airways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a COPD management plan involve?

<p>Prevention, smoking advice, exercise programs and tailored management plan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

<p>To filter blood and produce urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does blood filtration occur in the nephron?

<p>Glomerulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What processes occur in the tubules of the nephron?

<p>Selective reabsorption, secretion, and reabsorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) affect kidney function?

<p>It increases water reabsorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does serum dehydration impact antidiuretic hormone?

<p>Severe dehydration will lead to low blood volume and ultimately shock. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What processes and substances are linked to reabsorption in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?

<p>Glucose and amino acids, since the body will want to retain them (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nervous system?

<p>To detect changes and respond to internal and external factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the nervous system differ from the endocrine system in its response?

<p>The nervous system provides an immediate response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two most prominent types of brain functionality?

<p>The central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of the medulla?

<p>Blood pressure, heart and breathing rate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of sensory nerves?

<p>Transmit signals to the brain from sensory receptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the body are the automatic nerves not required?

<p>Motor skills like handwriting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which division of the nervous system are elongated nerve fibres wrapped in a myelin sheath?

<p>The Peripheral nervous system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the signal get transmitted from one cell to another?

<p>The neuron transmits electric signals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key action related to glial cells found in the brain?

<p>Support the CNS as a physical and biological barrier to damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the neuron, what qualifies as an action potential?

<p>The signal from the soma is strong enough to pass through the axon. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must happen for an action potential to continue to transmit across the synapse?

<p>An electrical signal must be converted to chemical before passing through the synaptic gap. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance, used primarily to dull tooth pain, is used and injected directly above the nerves and its branches in the mouth?

<p>Local Anesthetic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Homeostasis

Maintains stability within the body

Endocrine System

A collection of glands throughout the body that secrete hormones

Hormones

Small chemical molecules that act as messengers in the body

Pituitary gland

Pituitary gland produces many different hormones that tell the body what to do

Signup and view all the flashcards

Endocrine glands

Glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream

Signup and view all the flashcards

Exocrine glands

Glands that secrete hormones through a duct

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acromegaly

Increased growth hormone; causes gigantism in children

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adrenal Insufficiency

Also known as Addison's disease; decreased cortisol

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hyper/Hypothyroidism

Thyroid can be over or under active in production of thyroxine

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diabetes

A chronic disease where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insulin

A hormone that regulates blood glucose

Signup and view all the flashcards

Type 1 Diabetes

The body's immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas; usually appears in childhood

Signup and view all the flashcards

Type 2 Diabetes

First stage of treatment is to change lifestyle advice

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gestational Diabetes

Common temporary diabetes diagnosed in pregnancy

Signup and view all the flashcards

Endocrine Diseases: Dental implications

Essential to record a thorough medical/social history, this can aid in understanding the individuals conditions and how to proceed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blood Dyscrasias

Affecting the cellular components of the blood

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anemia

Lack of or dysfunction of red blood cells

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sickle Cell Disease

Hereditary condition where red blood cells are elongated, making it difficult for them to move through small blood vessels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hemolytic Anemia

Inherited condition where blood cells are destroyed quicker than they are made

Signup and view all the flashcards

Leukemia

Cancers of the white blood cells

Signup and view all the flashcards

Respiratory System

Main functions are to take in oxygen and expire carbon dioxide.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oxygen

Binds to hemoglobin and is transported through the circulatory system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pulmonary ventilation

The way oxygen enters from the surroundings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

External respiration

The method by which oxygen passes from the lungs to the blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Airway Disease

The ability to move air in and out of the lungs is affected

Signup and view all the flashcards

Asthma

Asthma causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blue inhaler: Salbutamol inhaler

Medication known as the 'reliever'; short acting beta agonist

Signup and view all the flashcards

COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Where airways are narrowed + damaged

Signup and view all the flashcards

Kidneys

Main function is to filter blood and produce urine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glomerulus

Kidneys filters blood in this area

Signup and view all the flashcards

Renal Artery

Blood enters the nephron via the renal artery

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urine Formation

Urine formation has three steps: filtration, selective reabsorption, tubular secretion

Signup and view all the flashcards

Filtration

Small molecules are able to pass through the semipermeable walls of glomerulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Semi Permeable Membrane

Under a high hydrostatic pressure

Signup and view all the flashcards

Selective Reabsorption

Excretion of: Urea, water, glucose and mineral ions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Regulare hormone

Required for calcium + phosphate reabsorption.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antidiuretic hormone

Antidiuretic hormone increase causes more water permeability of convulsions tubules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aldosterone

Maintains sodium and potassium levels, helping with water electrolyte monitoring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Action Potential

Transmits signals along membrane using sodium and and potassium.

Signup and view all the flashcards

The Nervous System

Detects and responds to changes inside and outside the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

  • The key role of the endocrine system is to maintain homeostasis with the body
  • Glands throughout the body secrete hormones
  • Hormones are small chemical molecules carried through the bloodstream
  • Hormones bind to specific receptors in tissues and act as messengers, triggering changes within cells

Key Glands

  • The pituitary gland produces many different hormones that signal different body parts what to do.
  • The anterior lobe makes up 80% of the gland
  • The intermediate Lobe and the posterior Lobe also exist

Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands

  • Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream.
  • Exocrine glands release hormones through a duct

Endocrine Disorders

  • Imbalances in hormone levels can lead to disorders. Examples:
  • Acromegaly is caused by increased production of growth hormone. Gigantism is when this happens in children
  • Adrenal insufficiency, or Addison's disease, results in decreased cortisol production
  • Cushing's disease has increased cortisol
  • Hyperthyroidism: Overactive thyroid
  • Hypothyroidism: Underactive thyroid
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome

Diabetes

  • A chronic disease occurring when the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin or the body cannot use insulin effectively.
  • Insulin is a hormone regulating blood glucose

Types of Diabetes

  • Type 1: an autoimmune disease where enough insulin isn't produced, usually identified in childhood
  • Type 2: lifestyle-related, initially treated with lifestyle advice; blood-sugar is generally between 4-7 levels as norm
  • Gestational diabetes: a temporary form of the disease diagnosed in pregnancy, caused by placenta-produced hormones that cause insulin resistance

Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes

  • Older age
  • Overweight or obesity
  • Lack of physical activity
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome
  • Family history of diabetes
  • Previous baby weighing over 9 pounds

Endocrine Diseases: Dental Implications

  • A thorough medical/social history can help with understanding conditions and treatment planning, including assessing whether the condition is controlled
  • Diabetes and periodontal disease have a bidirectional relationship.

Blood Dyscrasias

  • Blood dyscrasias affect the blood's cellular components which includie red or white blood cells, platelets, and proteins for clotting

Iron Deficiency Anemia

  • Anemias are largely associated with the lack of, or the dyfunction of the red bloodcells
  • Anemia occurs when there is a reduced capacity to carry oxygen in the blood: below 11.5 g/dl for females, below 13.5 g/dl for males
  • Hemoglobin, required to carry oxygen, is affected. Quantity or ability of red blood cells is decreased; there is decreased oxygen transport to body tissues/organs

Causes of Anemia

  • Nutrient deficiencies from inadequate diet, inadequate absorption of nutrients
  • Deficiencies of iron, folate, and Vitamin B12 can cause anemia
  • Red blood cells reduced in size become smaller, pale in color, and carry less hemoglobin

Symptoms of Anemia

  • Fatigue
  • Lethargy
  • Pallor
  • Palpitations
  • Headaches
  • Brittle nails
  • Angular cheilitis
  • Recurrent aphthous ulcers

Types of Anemia

  • Iron deficiency: Most common, results in smaller, paler red blood cells, may be due to dietary deficiency, chronic blood loss/malabsorption or parasitic infections
  • B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia): caused by absence of intrinsic factor, can also be related to parasitic worm.
  • Folate deficiency: dietary deficiency e.g. spinach, green vegetables etc
  • Sickle cell: inherited; red blood cells become rigid and irregularly shaped so cannot carry as much oxygen

The Respiratory System

  • Primary functions include supplying the body with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide, a byproduct of cellular respiration
  • Oxygen binds hemoglobin for diffusion through capillaries to tissues

Key terms

  • Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): Process of oxygen entering the body
  • External respiration: Way oxygen from lungs is passed in to the blood, and carbon dioxide is passed in to the lungs

Respiratory System: How It Works

  • Four key parts: Airways, lungs, breathing muscles and blood vessels
  • Airways: nasal cavity is warmed by sinuses
  • Nasal hairs trap particles and prevent them from being inhaled
  • Oral cavity

Respiratory Disorders

  • General types of respiratory disorders: Airway, lung tissue, lung circulation diseases
  • Airway disease affects ability to move air; caused by narrowing or blockage
  • Asthma: Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, causing reversible constriction caused by stimuli resulting to wheezing
  • COPD: Group of lung conditions narrowing airways involving chronic bronchitis/emphysema usually stemming from smoking
  • Pneumonia (Bacterial or viral) - lung airways become filled with fluid so oxygen cannot flow properly

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser