June Paper 1 Exam Medium
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for the unequal heating of the Earth's surface?

  • Variation in atmospheric pressure
  • Differences in elevation
  • Variation in the angle at which the Sun's rays strike different parts of the planet (correct)
  • Changes in magnetic field intensity

    • How does the concept of insolation vary with latitude?

  • It remains constant across all latitudes
  • It increases at higher latitudes
  • It is not affected by latitude
  • It decreases at higher latitudes (correct)

    • What effect does ice and snow have on energy absorption in high latitude regions?

  • It has no impact on energy absorption
  • It decreases energy absorption (correct)
  • It causes energy to be absorbed faster
  • It increases energy absorption

    • What type of radiation does the Earth's surface absorb from the Sun?

    <p>Short-wave radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Earth's atmosphere get heated from below?

    <p>By re-radiated lower energy, long-wave infrared energy from the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do equatorial regions experience higher temperatures compared to polar regions?

    <p>Because equatorial regions receive solar radiation more directly while polar regions receive it at a more oblique angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor attributed to the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In South Africa, which physiographic region is characterized by a saucer-shaped interior plateau?

    <p>The Central Highveld</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region in South Africa is famous for its extensive arid landscapes?

    <p>The Great Karoo Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of slope curves outward and resembles the exterior of a sphere?

    <p>Convex Slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes significantly to the distinctive rock shapes and rounded boulders found in tors?

    <p>Water percolating through joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process leads to the expansion of vertical and horizontal joints in rocks?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the convergence of moist air masses on regions like Calabar and Kano?

    <p>High rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ocean currents contribute to dry and arid conditions in regions like the Namib Desert?

    <p>Benguela and Canary currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes La Niña conditions in the Pacific Ocean?

    <p>Stronger trade winds and upwelling of cold water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are high and low pressure cells identified on synoptic weather maps?

    <p>By closed circular isobars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Earth's land area do drylands cover?

    <p>41%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experiences the highest frequency of droughts according to the text?

    <p>Sahel region in Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does agricultural drought specifically impact?

    <p>Soil moisture affecting crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is desertification primarily a result of?

    <p>Human activities and climatic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region absorbs more energy than it loses?

    <p>The equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the formation of the Subpolar Low Pressure Zone?

    <p>Centrifugal forces due to Earth's rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes seasonal variations in insolation?

    <p>Tilt of the Earth's axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are equinoxes characterized by?

    <p>Equal day and night lengths globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following weather conditions is typically associated with the Polar High Pressure Zone?

    <p>Cool and dry conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the Coriolis Force have on wind direction in the Southern Hemisphere?

    <p>Deflects wind left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does warm air move in the atmosphere?

    <p>It moves towards the poles at high altitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell is responsible for driving polar climates?

    <p>Polar Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives oceanic circulation?

    <p>Differences in water density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Equatorial Low Pressure Zone located?

    <p>Between 10° N and 10° S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of winds are characterized by seasonal reversals in wind direction?

    <p>Monsoon Winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of global air circulation?

    <p>To redistribute thermal energy, air, and water around the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a significant role in determining the dry seasons in Africa?

    <p>Subsidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do subtropical high-pressure zones influence climates?

    <p>By producing hot, dry air over deserts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates Föhn winds from Monsoon winds?

    <p>Dry and warm downslope winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process widens valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rocks primarily form granite domes and tors?

    <p>Igneous rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of laccoliths among intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Create mushroom-shaped intrusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geomorphological process is instrumental in altering landscapes and reducing plateaus to smaller landforms?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landforms are commonly formed by scarp retreat over time?

    <p>Mesas and buttes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rocks are characterized by layers formed from material deposition over time?

    <p>Sedimentary rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant role do intrusive igneous rock bodies play in shaping the geological landscape?

    <p>Becoming visible after erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do pipes represent among the types of intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Chimney-shaped intrusions transporting magma near the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intrusion is characterized by magma intruding between sedimentary layers causing the lower layer to sink?

    <p>Lopoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic makes batholiths distinctive among intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Being composed of granite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key process leads to the formation of tors?

    <p>Expansion of vertical and horizontal joints in the rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body type is characterized by chimney-shaped intrusions?

    <p>Pipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are granite domes primarily exposed at the surface?

    <p>By the gradual removal of overlying material caused by erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes massive igneous rocks from sedimentary rocks in terms of formation layers?

    <p>Sedimentary rocks do not form in layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body forms when magma intrudes between sedimentary layers?

    <p>Lopoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily leads to the distinctive rock shapes and rounded boulders typical of tors?

    <p>Expansion of vertical and horizontal joints in the rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major contributing factor to the exposure of massive igneous structures like granite domes over time?

    <p>Erosion and weathering processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body type is characterized by horizontal layers formed as magma spreads between existing rock layers?

    <p>Sills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes batholiths from laccoliths in terms of size and composition?

    <p>Batholiths are larger and composed of granite, while laccoliths are smaller and composed of sedimentary rock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pipes differ from dykes in terms of their shape and function?

    <p>Pipes transport magma vertically, while dykes are chimney-shaped intrusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual land degradation into desert worldwide?

    <p>12 million hectares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a direct cause of desertification in the text?

    <p>Urbanization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of desertification at the global level as stated in the text?

    <p>Contributes to biodiversity loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of landscape develops in regions where horizontal rock layers erode at different rates?

    <p>Canyon landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does climate play in the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>Promotes chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landscape type is characterized by extensive lava flows over millions of years?

    <p>Basaltic plateaus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the formation of deep valleys with stepped sides in canyon landscapes?

    <p>Vertical erosion by rivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landscape type forms when more resistant rocks create prominent hills within the landscape?

    <p>Hilly landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the formation of high and low-pressure cells?

    <p>Land and water heating differentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which latitudinal zone do high pressure cells exhibit anti-clockwise sinking air?

    <p>30°-60°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives wind from high to low-pressure areas?

    <p>Pressure Gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of wind results from the balance between pressure gradient and Coriolis forces at high altitudes?

    <p>Jet Streams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which global air circulation cell is responsible for temperate weather patterns?

    <p>Ferrel Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a Föhn wind?

    <p>Dry, warm downslope winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Jet Streams located that influence weather patterns?

    <p>At high altitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes air to deflect right in the Northern Hemisphere according to the text?

    <p>'Coriolis Force'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do higher latitudes near the poles have cooler temperatures compared to regions near the equator?

    <p>They receive less solar energy due to the Sun's rays striking the Earth at a more oblique angle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the reflective properties of ice and snow have on energy absorption in regions near the poles?

    <p>It decreases energy absorption by reflecting solar radiation back into space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Earth's surface heat the atmosphere according to the text?

    <p>By absorbing high energy and re-radiating it as lower energy, long-wave infrared energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the unequal heating of the Earth's surface?

    <p>The variation in angle at which the Sun's rays strike different parts of the planet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does atmospheric and oceanic circulation play in transporting heat across the Earth?

    <p>It drives patterns that transport heat from the equator towards the poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does insolation vary with latitude according to the text?

    <p>It varies significantly, being highest near the equator and lowest near the poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process is predominantly responsible for the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is described as a semi-arid region and known for its arid landscapes?

    <p>The Great Karoo Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of slope curves outward and resembles the exterior of a sphere?

    <p>Convex Slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Southwestern Cape Fold Belt Mountains physiographic region in South Africa?

    <p>Series of folded mountains shaped by tectonic forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by chimney-shaped intrusions?

    <p>Pipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the gradual ascending terrain from west to east in South Africa?

    <p>Plate tectonics movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drought is defined by long periods of below-average rainfall?

    <p>Meteorological Drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oceanic phenomenon is responsible for the dry and arid conditions in regions like the Namib Desert?

    <p>Benguela Current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of desertification as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Human activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are high and low-pressure cells identified on synoptic weather maps?

    <p>By closed circular isobars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What climatic phenomenon is characterized by the upwelling of cold water in the Pacific Ocean?

    <p>La Niña</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experiences the most significant temperature fluctuations due to its distance from the sea?

    <p>Kano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do isobars represent on synoptic weather maps?

    <p>Atmospheric pressure patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dryland ecosystems, which category is characterized by the highest aridity level?

    <p>Hyperarid areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do El Niño and La Niña events differ?

    <p>La Niña involves a reversal of air and sea water circulation patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oceans in driving global climate as described in the text?

    <p>Influencing weather patterns through warm currents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological structure gives rise to various types of landscapes such as hilly landscapes, basaltic plateaus, canyon landscapes, and Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Horizontally layered rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hilly landscapes, what role does the climate play in their development?

    <p>Causing chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of landscape is characterized by lava flows covering large areas and accumulating to significant depths over millions of years?

    <p>Basaltic plateaus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes canyon landscapes from other landscape types?

    <p>Stepped sides in deep valleys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of thermal energy, air, and water from regions near the Equator to polar regions according to the text?

    <p>Differences in air pressure and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the equatorial low-pressure zone according to the text?

    <p>Warm, wet air due to intense solar heating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does warm air move in the atmosphere according to the content?

    <p>It descends at the equator and moves towards the poles at high altitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes deep ocean currents to aid in transferring heat globally?

    <p>Coriolis effect due to Earth's rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmospheric phenomena occur during solstices according to the information provided?

    <p>Maximal tilting of one hemisphere towards or away from the Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do subtropical high-pressure zones influence atmospheric conditions over deserts?

    <p>By producing hot, dry air that leads to arid landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does atmospheric circulation play in redistributing heat across Earth's surface?

    <p>Conveying heat from surplus areas to deficit areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do polar regions lose more energy than they gain according to the text?

    <p>Because they receive less direct sunlight than the Equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives warm surface currents from the tropics towards polar regions?

    <p>Coriolis effect caused by Earth's rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are subtropical high-pressure zones predominantly located based on atmospheric pressure belts?

    <p>Between 20°-35° N and S latitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process significantly alters the landscape over millions of years by reducing extensive plateaus to isolated landforms?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the Karoo region's landscapes are generally unsuitable for agriculture?

    <p>Lack of rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by wall-like intrusions cutting across existing strata?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process gradually transforms original plateaus into landforms like mesas and buttes over time?

    <p>Erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of granite domes and tors that distinguishes them as prominent geological features?

    <p>Rounded shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body type is characterized by mushroom-shaped intrusions pushing overlying strata upwards?

    <p>Laccoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor in the formation of massive igneous rocks according to the text?

    <p>Magma cooling and solidifying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by horizontal layers formed as magma spreads out between existing rock layers?

    <p>Sills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key process contributes significantly to shaping distinctive landscapes like those found in the Karoo region?

    <p>Vertical erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a crucial role in the development of various landforms from original plateaus, according to the provided text?

    <p>Erosional processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key geological process leads to the distinctive rock shapes and rounded boulders found in tors?

    <p>Expansion of vertical joints in rocks during cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body type is characterized by wall-like intrusions that cut across existing strata, usually vertically?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a significant role in shaping the landscape by pushing overlying strata upwards to create distinct dome-like shapes, as seen in laccoliths?

    <p>Magma intruding between sedimentary layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinctive feature makes batholiths stand out among the various types of intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Granite composition and extensive landforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sills differ from dykes in terms of their orientation and formation within existing rock layers?

    <p>Sills form horizontally, while dykes cut across strata vertically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the landscape in regions with extensive massive igneous rock formations, such as granite?

    <p>Cooling and solidification of magma underground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granite domes become exposed at the surface over time?

    <p>By gradual removal of overlying material due to weathering and erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes tors from granite domes in terms of their rock formations?

    <p>Tors are characterized by rounded boulders, while granite domes are smooth and rounded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the formation of saucer-shaped intrusions known as lopoliths?

    <p>Magma intruding between sedimentary layers causing lower layer sinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process gradually exposes granite domes at the Earth's surface over time?

    <p>Gradual removal of overlying material due to erosion and weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do regions near the equator experience higher temperatures compared to areas near the poles?

    <p>The Sun's rays strike the equator more directly, leading to higher energy absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the angle at which the Sun's rays strike the Earth's surface affect energy absorption and temperature distribution?

    <p>A direct angle at the equator results in higher energy absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ice and snow play in affecting energy absorption in regions near the poles?

    <p>Ice and snow reflect solar radiation back into space, reducing energy absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Earth's surface contribute to atmospheric heating?

    <p>It absorbs high-energy, short-wave radiation and re-radiates it as lower-energy infrared radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns that transport heat across the planet?

    <p>Unequal heating due to variations in solar radiation intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the Sun's rays strike the Earth at a more oblique angle at higher latitudes?

    <p>Energy absorption decreases due to the direct angle of incidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process widens valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by pushing overlying strata upwards to create a dome-like shape?

    <p>Laccoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes granite domes from tors?

    <p>Shape and size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rocks are characterized by layers formed from the deposition of materials over time?

    <p>Sedimentary rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the formation of high and low-pressure cells?

    <p>Differential heating of land and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of landforms can be created by scarp retreat over millions of years?

    <p>Mesas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is famous for its extensive arid landscapes in South Africa?

    <p>Great Karoo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the formation of intrusive igneous rock bodies?

    <p>Magma solidification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by cutting across existing strata, usually vertically?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the Monsoon Winds characterized by seasonal reversals in wind direction?

    <p>Differential heating of land and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a pivotal role in shaping landscapes associated with horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Geological structures and climate interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Ferrel Cell from other global air circulation cells?

    <p>Affects temperate weather patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the Coriolis Force have on wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere?

    <p>Causes deflection to the right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Batholiths' are usually composed of which type of rock?

    <p>Granite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature does most igneous rock lack compared to sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Polar High Pressure Zone primarily located?

    <p>90° N and S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a Föhn wind?

    <p>Dry, warm downslope winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jet Streams significantly influence which weather patterns?

    <p><strong>Storm tracks and temperature distributions</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Subsidence plays a significant role in determining dry seasons in Africa, especially in areas located where?

    <p><strong>North of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process drives wind from high to low-pressure areas?

    <p>Pressure Gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process responsible for the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is known for its grassland ecosystem?

    <p>The Central Highveld</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a convex slope?

    <p>Resembles the exterior of a sphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of granite domes as opposed to tors?

    <p>Intricate folding patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of slope is known for having a uniform gradient?

    <p>Regular Slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major geological process contributes to the shaping of South Africa's physiographic regions?

    <p>Tectonic forces and folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drought is characterized by the depletion of water reserves?

    <p>Hydrological Drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experiences the most significant frequency of droughts?

    <p>Sahel region in Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of desertification as explained in the text?

    <p>Human activities and climatic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which climatic phenomenon is characterized by stronger trade winds and upwelling of cold water in the Pacific Ocean?

    <p>La Niña</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of areas are classified based on their aridity levels into hyperarid, arid, semiarid, and dry subhumid zones?

    <p>Drylands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ocean currents contribute to dry and arid conditions in the Namib Desert?

    <p>Benguela and Canary currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do synoptic weather maps use lines connecting points of equal atmospheric pressure to represent?

    <p>Wind direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Socio-economic Drought' specifically impacts which aspect of society and economy?

    <p>$H_2O$ demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Hydrological Drought' is characterized by the deficiency of which natural resource?

    <p>$H_2O$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do ocean currents play in influencing Africa's climate?

    <p>Modifying temperatures over land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of global air circulation?

    <p>To evenly distribute thermal energy, air, and water across the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do equinoxes differ from solstices in terms of sunlight distribution?

    <p>Equinoxes mark periods with the Sun directly over the equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main driver of atmospheric circulation according to the text?

    <p>Unequal heating of the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone is characterized by warm, wet air due to intense solar heating and consistent daylight?

    <p>The Equatorial Low Pressure Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do warm surface currents contribute to global heat transfer?

    <p>They transfer heat from the tropics towards the poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of warm air towards the poles at high altitudes in the atmosphere?

    <p>Unequal heating at the equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which latitudinal zone are subtropical high-pressure zones predominantly located?

    <p>Between 20° and 35° N and S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes deep ocean currents to assist in transferring heat globally?

    <p>Coriolis effect due to Earth's rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are atmospheric pressure belts represented on maps according to the text?

    <p>'Isobars' representing lines of equal atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process primarily leads to the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>Mass wasting and sheet erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do basaltic plateaus accumulate to significant depths over millions of years?

    <p>Through extensive lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect defines canyon landscapes and distinguishes them from other landscape types?

    <p>Erosion at different rates of horizontal rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes significantly to the formation of Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Processes similar to canyon landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental aspect plays a crucial role in the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>High levels of precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the resistance of rocks contribute to the formation of prominent hills within hilly landscapes?

    <p>By preventing complete erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes basaltic plateaus from other landscape types like hilly landscapes?

    <p>Accumulation of extensive lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a common characteristic between hilly and canyon landscapes?

    <p>'U' shaped valleys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do basaltic plateaus often become major tourist attractions in regions like South Africa?

    <p>For their dramatic scenery and unique geological structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates canyon landscapes in terms of their development compared to basaltic plateaus?

    <p>River erosion exploiting weaknesses in surface layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are granite domes primarily formed?

    <p>From the cooling and solidification of magma beneath the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process is largely responsible for the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body type is characterized by wall-like intrusions cutting across existing strata?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes massive igneous rocks from sedimentary rocks in terms of formation?

    <p>Sedimentary rocks are deposited over time, while igneous rocks solidify from magma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor that influences the landscape in regions with extensive massive igneous rock formations?

    <p>Erosion and weathering processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by saucer-shaped intrusions formed between sedimentary layers?

    <p>Lopoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinctive feature of tors in terms of their rock formations?

    <p>Piles of core stones appearing stacked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sills differ from dykes in terms of their orientation within existing rock layers?

    <p>Sills form horizontal layers between existing rock layers, unlike dykes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do batholiths play in the landscape when exposed on the surface?

    <p>Extensive landforms on the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the variation in temperatures between near the equator and higher latitudes?

    <p>Variances in the angle at which the Sun's rays strike the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do regions near the poles experience cooler temperatures compared to areas near the equator?

    <p>Less energy absorption due to oblique sun rays and reflective ice properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Earth's surface contribute to heating the atmosphere according to the text?

    <p>By absorbing long-wave infrared energy and re-radiating it as lower energy, warming the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do reflective properties of ice and snow play in the energy balance near the poles?

    <p>Reducing energy absorption by reflecting solar radiation back into space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do regions near the equator have warmer temperatures compared to higher latitudes?

    <p>As a result of direct sunlight leading to higher energy absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the angle of solar radiation have on energy absorption between regions near the equator and at higher latitudes?

    <p>It leads to higher energy absorption near the equator and lower absorption at higher latitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the movement of heat from areas of surplus to areas of deficit in the atmosphere?

    <p>Air pressure and temperature differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of warm surface currents from the tropics towards the poles?

    <p>Coriolis effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which global air circulation process does warm air rise at the equator and move towards the poles?

    <p>Hadley Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experiences cooler temperatures when it is tilted away from the Sun?

    <p>Polar regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the movement of deep ocean currents that assist in global heat transfer?

    <p>Differences in water density related to temperature and salinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is characterized by intense solar heating and consistent daylight resulting in warm, wet air?

    <p>Equatorial Low Pressure Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in periods of equal day and night lengths globally on equinoxes?

    <p>Earth's tilt relative to its orbit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does warm air rise before moving towards higher latitudes in global air circulation?

    <p>Equatorial zones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone is responsible for producing hot, dry air, particularly over deserts?

    <p>Subtropical High Pressure Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of atmospheric heat transfer from the tropics to the poles?

    <p>Differences in air pressure and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of the convergence of moist air masses on regions like Calabar and Kano?

    <p>High rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oceanic currents contribute to the dry and arid conditions in the Namib Desert?

    <p>Canary and Humboldt currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes La Niña conditions in terms of Pacific Ocean temperatures?

    <p>Stronger trade winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isobars on synoptic weather maps used to represent?

    <p>Atmospheric pressure variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dryland ecosystems, what category is characterized by the highest aridity level?

    <p>Hyperarid areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drought is defined by insufficient soil moisture affecting crops?

    <p>Agricultural drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Meteorological Drought' is characterized by what specific condition?

    <p>Below-average rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Desertification' primarily results from which factors?

    <p>'Human activities' and 'climatic changes'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Drought' affects all continents with notable long-term occurrences in regions like:

    <p>'Sahel region in Africa'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Ocean Currents' influence Africa's climate by modifying temperatures over land through:

    <p>'Warm and cold currents'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process contributes to the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is known for its semi-arid landscapes?

    <p>The Great Karoo Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a concave slope?

    <p>Curves outward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of South Africa's topography from west to east?

    <p>Gradual ascent in elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a regular slope from a convex slope?

    <p>Curving outward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the distinctive rock shapes and rounded boulders found in tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to the dry seasons experienced in areas like Kano (Nigeria) and Atar (Mauritania)?

    <p>Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Southern Hemisphere, which direction does air typically rise in low pressure cells?

    <p>Counter-clockwise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the driving force behind wind movement from high to low-pressure areas?

    <p>Pressure Gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which global air circulation cell influences temperate weather patterns by acting as a transitional zone?

    <p>Ferrel Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant role do jet streams play in influencing weather patterns?

    <p>Affecting storm tracks and temperature distributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which large-scale wind system is characterized by seasonal reversals in direction, impacting dry and wet seasons?

    <p>Monsoon Winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Harmattan winds' significantly impact weather conditions in which African regions?

    <p>Northern Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of desertification at a local and national level?

    <p>Threatening food security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly influences the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>High temperatures promoting chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes basaltic plateaus from hilly landscapes?

    <p>Extensive lava flows accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landscape type is characterized by initially flat lands being incised by rivers exploiting weaknesses in rock layers?

    <p>Canyon landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in rehabilitating already degraded lands?

    <p>Challenging and expensive nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Karoo landscapes evolve according to the provided text?

    <p>From processes similar to canyon landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of canyon landscapes compared to Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Valleys formed by rivers exploiting weaknesses in rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are horizontally layered rocks deposited according to the text?

    <p>In a flat or nearly flat position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature characterizes Drakensberg as a remnant of a vast basaltic plateau?

    <p>Depths of hundreds or even thousands of meters from lava flows accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process that leads to the unique rock formations known as tors?

    <p>Expanding rock joints due to cooling and percolating water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by a saucer-shaped intrusion between sedimentary layers?

    <p>Lopoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granite domes primarily become exposed at the surface?

    <p>By extensive erosion and weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a laccolith from other intrusive bodies?

    <p>Mushroom-shaped intrusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that widens valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that differentiates massive igneous rocks from sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Formation in layers over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landform is created when magma intrudes between sedimentary layers, causing the lower layer to sink?

    <p>Lopoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key concept is fundamental in the study of physical geography and geology related to intrusive igneous rock bodies?

    <p>Cooling and solidification of magma below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does weathering play in the exposure of granite domes and tors?

    <p>Gradual removal of overlying material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body is characterized by chimney-shaped intrusions that can transport magma from deep sources to near the surface?

    <p>Pipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do batholiths differ from laccoliths in terms of their size and composition?

    <p>Batholiths are larger and composed of granite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinctive feature characterizes granite domes?

    <p>Rounded smoothness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock formation is primarily formed when magma cools and solidifies below the Earth's surface?

    <p>Igneous rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sills differ from dykes in terms of their orientation within rock layers?

    <p>Sills cut horizontally across existing strata, while dykes form vertical intrusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of batholiths among intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Extensive landforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of formation for chimney-shaped intrusive bodies known as pipes?

    <p>Transportation of magma from deep sources to near the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process significantly alters a landscape by reducing once extensive plateaus to isolated, smaller landforms like mesas?

    <p><strong>Scarp retreat</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geomorphological element is primarily shaped by mass movement?

    <p>The Free Face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which slope element is likely to be smooth and characterized by deposition?

    <p>The Talus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to the widening of the pediment over time?

    <p>Parallel slope retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In areas with alternating layers of hard and soft rock, what may happen to the distinct features of slopes?

    <p>They repeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory explains slope erosion by suggesting that slopes maintain their angle and length over time?

    <p>Parallel slope retreat theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes a pediment from other geomorphological elements at the base of a slope?

    <p>Concave shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon encompasses the downward and outward movement of soil, rock, and other debris on a slope?

    <p>Mass movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves the imperceptibly slow downhill movement of soil?

    <p>Soil creep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which natural event can significantly alter the stability of slopes, leading to mass movements?

    <p>Earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mitigation strategy aims to enhance slope stability by increasing soil cohesion through root systems?

    <p>Vegetation planting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves highly fluid, rapid flows of mud, usually initiated following intense rainfall?

    <p>Mud flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which human activity can increase the vulnerability of slopes to mass movements?

    <p>Deforestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves the downward and outward rotational movement of slope material?

    <p>Slumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the free face of a slope according to the provided text?

    <p>It is too steep for loose material to accumulate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element at the base of a slope is primarily characterized by deposition?

    <p>The Talus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory explains slope development by suggesting that slopes erode while maintaining their angle and length over time?

    <p>Parallel Slope Retreat Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive characteristic of the pediment at the base of a slope?

    <p>It is a concave plain shaped mainly by erosion from running water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In geomorphological processes, which element of a slope is usually convex and where weathering and soil creep are predominant?

    <p>The Crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used interchangeably with 'mass movement' in the text?

    <p>Gravity shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a triggering event for mass movement in the text?

    <p>Strong winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves highly fluid, rapid flows of mud?

    <p>Mud flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mitigation strategy focuses on increasing soil cohesion through root systems?

    <p>Vegetation Planting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic environmental impact of mass movements described in the text?

    <p>Formation of natural dams and lakes due to landslides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Solifluction, a type of mass movement, is characteristic of which type of climate?

    <p>Cold climates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Slumps' involve which type of movement of slope material?

    <p>Rotational movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Rock Falls' primarily occur due to which two factors mentioned in the text?

    <p>Weathering and erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Landslides' are most commonly triggered by which environmental factor?

    <p>'Heavy rains'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What human impact is NOT mentioned in relation to mass movement in the text?

    <p>Economic damages from volcanic eruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pediment in a slope?

    <p>It is located at the base of the free face and is characterized by deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of a slope is primarily shaped by erosion from running water?

    <p>The Pediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In geomorphological processes, which element of a slope is usually convex and where weathering and soil creep are predominant?

    <p>The Crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory explains the widening of the pediment over time?

    <p>Parallel slope retreat theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of a slope is characterized by being almost vertical and shaped by mass movement?

    <p>The Free Face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element of a slope is located at the base of the free face and is smoother due to deposition?

    <p>The Talus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that can destabilize a slope and lead to mass movement?

    <p>Earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement is characteristic of cold climates and involves the slow flow of water-saturated soil over impermeable materials?

    <p>Solifluction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major environmental impact of mass movement that contributes to natural erosion processes?

    <p>Redistribution of materials downhill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mitigation strategy for mass movement involves enhancing slope stability by increasing soil cohesion through root systems?

    <p>Vegetation Planting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves the free-fall, bouncing, or rolling of individual rocks from steep slopes?

    <p>Rock Falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do heavy rains contribute to mass movement?

    <p>By increasing soil weight and reducing internal cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What human activity can increase the vulnerability of slopes and precipitate mass movement?

    <p>Deforestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement involves highly fluid, rapid flows of mud typically initiated in arid or semi-arid areas following intense rainfall?

    <p>Mud Flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the impacts of mass movement that affects biodiversity due to the destruction of vegetation and habitats?

    <p>Loss of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does undercutting by natural forces contribute to mass movement?

    <p>By eroding the base of a slope leading to potential collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

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