November Paper 1 Exam Medium
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for the unequal heating of the Earth's surface?

  • Variation in atmospheric pressure
  • Differences in elevation
  • Variation in the angle at which the Sun's rays strike different parts of the planet (correct)
  • Changes in magnetic field intensity

    • How does the concept of insolation vary with latitude?

  • It remains constant across all latitudes
  • It increases at higher latitudes
  • It is not affected by latitude
  • It decreases at higher latitudes (correct)

    • What effect does ice and snow have on energy absorption in high latitude regions?

  • It has no impact on energy absorption
  • It decreases energy absorption (correct)
  • It causes energy to be absorbed faster
  • It increases energy absorption

    • What type of radiation does the Earth's surface absorb from the Sun?

    <p>Short-wave radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Earth's atmosphere get heated from below?

    <p>By re-radiated lower energy, long-wave infrared energy from the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do equatorial regions experience higher temperatures compared to polar regions?

    <p>Because equatorial regions receive solar radiation more directly while polar regions receive it at a more oblique angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor attributed to the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In South Africa, which physiographic region is characterized by a saucer-shaped interior plateau?

    <p>The Central Highveld</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region in South Africa is famous for its extensive arid landscapes?

    <p>The Great Karoo Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of slope curves outward and resembles the exterior of a sphere?

    <p>Convex Slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes significantly to the distinctive rock shapes and rounded boulders found in tors?

    <p>Water percolating through joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process leads to the expansion of vertical and horizontal joints in rocks?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the convergence of moist air masses on regions like Calabar and Kano?

    <p>High rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ocean currents contribute to dry and arid conditions in regions like the Namib Desert?

    <p>Benguela and Canary currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes La Niña conditions in the Pacific Ocean?

    <p>Stronger trade winds and upwelling of cold water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are high and low pressure cells identified on synoptic weather maps?

    <p>By closed circular isobars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Earth's land area do drylands cover?

    <p>41%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experiences the highest frequency of droughts according to the text?

    <p>Sahel region in Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does agricultural drought specifically impact?

    <p>Soil moisture affecting crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is desertification primarily a result of?

    <p>Human activities and climatic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region absorbs more energy than it loses?

    <p>The equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the formation of the Subpolar Low Pressure Zone?

    <p>Centrifugal forces due to Earth's rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes seasonal variations in insolation?

    <p>Tilt of the Earth's axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are equinoxes characterized by?

    <p>Equal day and night lengths globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following weather conditions is typically associated with the Polar High Pressure Zone?

    <p>Cool and dry conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the Coriolis Force have on wind direction in the Southern Hemisphere?

    <p>Deflects wind left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does warm air move in the atmosphere?

    <p>It moves towards the poles at high altitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell is responsible for driving polar climates?

    <p>Polar Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives oceanic circulation?

    <p>Differences in water density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Equatorial Low Pressure Zone located?

    <p>Between 10° N and 10° S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of winds are characterized by seasonal reversals in wind direction?

    <p>Monsoon Winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of global air circulation?

    <p>To redistribute thermal energy, air, and water around the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a significant role in determining the dry seasons in Africa?

    <p>Subsidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do subtropical high-pressure zones influence climates?

    <p>By producing hot, dry air over deserts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates Föhn winds from Monsoon winds?

    <p>Dry and warm downslope winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process widens valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rocks primarily form granite domes and tors?

    <p>Igneous rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of laccoliths among intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Create mushroom-shaped intrusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geomorphological process is instrumental in altering landscapes and reducing plateaus to smaller landforms?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landforms are commonly formed by scarp retreat over time?

    <p>Mesas and buttes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rocks are characterized by layers formed from material deposition over time?

    <p>Sedimentary rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant role do intrusive igneous rock bodies play in shaping the geological landscape?

    <p>Becoming visible after erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do pipes represent among the types of intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Chimney-shaped intrusions transporting magma near the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intrusion is characterized by magma intruding between sedimentary layers causing the lower layer to sink?

    <p>Lopoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic makes batholiths distinctive among intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Being composed of granite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key process leads to the formation of tors?

    <p>Expansion of vertical and horizontal joints in the rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body type is characterized by chimney-shaped intrusions?

    <p>Pipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are granite domes primarily exposed at the surface?

    <p>By the gradual removal of overlying material caused by erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes massive igneous rocks from sedimentary rocks in terms of formation layers?

    <p>Sedimentary rocks do not form in layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body forms when magma intrudes between sedimentary layers?

    <p>Lopoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily leads to the distinctive rock shapes and rounded boulders typical of tors?

    <p>Expansion of vertical and horizontal joints in the rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major contributing factor to the exposure of massive igneous structures like granite domes over time?

    <p>Erosion and weathering processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body type is characterized by horizontal layers formed as magma spreads between existing rock layers?

    <p>Sills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes batholiths from laccoliths in terms of size and composition?

    <p>Batholiths are larger and composed of granite, while laccoliths are smaller and composed of sedimentary rock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pipes differ from dykes in terms of their shape and function?

    <p>Pipes transport magma vertically, while dykes are chimney-shaped intrusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual land degradation into desert worldwide?

    <p>12 million hectares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a direct cause of desertification in the text?

    <p>Urbanization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of desertification at the global level as stated in the text?

    <p>Contributes to biodiversity loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of landscape develops in regions where horizontal rock layers erode at different rates?

    <p>Canyon landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does climate play in the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>Promotes chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landscape type is characterized by extensive lava flows over millions of years?

    <p>Basaltic plateaus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the formation of deep valleys with stepped sides in canyon landscapes?

    <p>Vertical erosion by rivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landscape type forms when more resistant rocks create prominent hills within the landscape?

    <p>Hilly landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the formation of high and low-pressure cells?

    <p>Land and water heating differentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which latitudinal zone do high pressure cells exhibit anti-clockwise sinking air?

    <p>30°-60°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives wind from high to low-pressure areas?

    <p>Pressure Gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of wind results from the balance between pressure gradient and Coriolis forces at high altitudes?

    <p>Jet Streams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which global air circulation cell is responsible for temperate weather patterns?

    <p>Ferrel Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a Föhn wind?

    <p>Dry, warm downslope winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Jet Streams located that influence weather patterns?

    <p>At high altitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes air to deflect right in the Northern Hemisphere according to the text?

    <p>'Coriolis Force'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do higher latitudes near the poles have cooler temperatures compared to regions near the equator?

    <p>They receive less solar energy due to the Sun's rays striking the Earth at a more oblique angle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the reflective properties of ice and snow have on energy absorption in regions near the poles?

    <p>It decreases energy absorption by reflecting solar radiation back into space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Earth's surface heat the atmosphere according to the text?

    <p>By absorbing high energy and re-radiating it as lower energy, long-wave infrared energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the unequal heating of the Earth's surface?

    <p>The variation in angle at which the Sun's rays strike different parts of the planet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does atmospheric and oceanic circulation play in transporting heat across the Earth?

    <p>It drives patterns that transport heat from the equator towards the poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does insolation vary with latitude according to the text?

    <p>It varies significantly, being highest near the equator and lowest near the poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process is predominantly responsible for the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is described as a semi-arid region and known for its arid landscapes?

    <p>The Great Karoo Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of slope curves outward and resembles the exterior of a sphere?

    <p>Convex Slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Southwestern Cape Fold Belt Mountains physiographic region in South Africa?

    <p>Series of folded mountains shaped by tectonic forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by chimney-shaped intrusions?

    <p>Pipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the gradual ascending terrain from west to east in South Africa?

    <p>Plate tectonics movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drought is defined by long periods of below-average rainfall?

    <p>Meteorological Drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oceanic phenomenon is responsible for the dry and arid conditions in regions like the Namib Desert?

    <p>Benguela Current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of desertification as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Human activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are high and low-pressure cells identified on synoptic weather maps?

    <p>By closed circular isobars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What climatic phenomenon is characterized by the upwelling of cold water in the Pacific Ocean?

    <p>La Niña</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experiences the most significant temperature fluctuations due to its distance from the sea?

    <p>Kano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do isobars represent on synoptic weather maps?

    <p>Atmospheric pressure patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dryland ecosystems, which category is characterized by the highest aridity level?

    <p>Hyperarid areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do El Niño and La Niña events differ?

    <p>La Niña involves a reversal of air and sea water circulation patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oceans in driving global climate as described in the text?

    <p>Influencing weather patterns through warm currents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological structure gives rise to various types of landscapes such as hilly landscapes, basaltic plateaus, canyon landscapes, and Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Horizontally layered rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hilly landscapes, what role does the climate play in their development?

    <p>Causing chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of landscape is characterized by lava flows covering large areas and accumulating to significant depths over millions of years?

    <p>Basaltic plateaus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes canyon landscapes from other landscape types?

    <p>Stepped sides in deep valleys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of thermal energy, air, and water from regions near the Equator to polar regions according to the text?

    <p>Differences in air pressure and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the equatorial low-pressure zone according to the text?

    <p>Warm, wet air due to intense solar heating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does warm air move in the atmosphere according to the content?

    <p>It descends at the equator and moves towards the poles at high altitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes deep ocean currents to aid in transferring heat globally?

    <p>Coriolis effect due to Earth's rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmospheric phenomena occur during solstices according to the information provided?

    <p>Maximal tilting of one hemisphere towards or away from the Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do subtropical high-pressure zones influence atmospheric conditions over deserts?

    <p>By producing hot, dry air that leads to arid landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does atmospheric circulation play in redistributing heat across Earth's surface?

    <p>Conveying heat from surplus areas to deficit areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do polar regions lose more energy than they gain according to the text?

    <p>Because they receive less direct sunlight than the Equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives warm surface currents from the tropics towards polar regions?

    <p>Coriolis effect caused by Earth's rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are subtropical high-pressure zones predominantly located based on atmospheric pressure belts?

    <p>Between 20°-35° N and S latitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process significantly alters the landscape over millions of years by reducing extensive plateaus to isolated landforms?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the Karoo region's landscapes are generally unsuitable for agriculture?

    <p>Lack of rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by wall-like intrusions cutting across existing strata?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process gradually transforms original plateaus into landforms like mesas and buttes over time?

    <p>Erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of granite domes and tors that distinguishes them as prominent geological features?

    <p>Rounded shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body type is characterized by mushroom-shaped intrusions pushing overlying strata upwards?

    <p>Laccoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor in the formation of massive igneous rocks according to the text?

    <p>Magma cooling and solidifying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by horizontal layers formed as magma spreads out between existing rock layers?

    <p>Sills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key process contributes significantly to shaping distinctive landscapes like those found in the Karoo region?

    <p>Vertical erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a crucial role in the development of various landforms from original plateaus, according to the provided text?

    <p>Erosional processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key geological process leads to the distinctive rock shapes and rounded boulders found in tors?

    <p>Expansion of vertical joints in rocks during cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body type is characterized by wall-like intrusions that cut across existing strata, usually vertically?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a significant role in shaping the landscape by pushing overlying strata upwards to create distinct dome-like shapes, as seen in laccoliths?

    <p>Magma intruding between sedimentary layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinctive feature makes batholiths stand out among the various types of intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Granite composition and extensive landforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sills differ from dykes in terms of their orientation and formation within existing rock layers?

    <p>Sills form horizontally, while dykes cut across strata vertically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the landscape in regions with extensive massive igneous rock formations, such as granite?

    <p>Cooling and solidification of magma underground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granite domes become exposed at the surface over time?

    <p>By gradual removal of overlying material due to weathering and erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes tors from granite domes in terms of their rock formations?

    <p>Tors are characterized by rounded boulders, while granite domes are smooth and rounded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the formation of saucer-shaped intrusions known as lopoliths?

    <p>Magma intruding between sedimentary layers causing lower layer sinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process gradually exposes granite domes at the Earth's surface over time?

    <p>Gradual removal of overlying material due to erosion and weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do regions near the equator experience higher temperatures compared to areas near the poles?

    <p>The Sun's rays strike the equator more directly, leading to higher energy absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the angle at which the Sun's rays strike the Earth's surface affect energy absorption and temperature distribution?

    <p>A direct angle at the equator results in higher energy absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ice and snow play in affecting energy absorption in regions near the poles?

    <p>Ice and snow reflect solar radiation back into space, reducing energy absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Earth's surface contribute to atmospheric heating?

    <p>It absorbs high-energy, short-wave radiation and re-radiates it as lower-energy infrared radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns that transport heat across the planet?

    <p>Unequal heating due to variations in solar radiation intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the Sun's rays strike the Earth at a more oblique angle at higher latitudes?

    <p>Energy absorption decreases due to the direct angle of incidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process widens valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by pushing overlying strata upwards to create a dome-like shape?

    <p>Laccoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes granite domes from tors?

    <p>Shape and size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rocks are characterized by layers formed from the deposition of materials over time?

    <p>Sedimentary rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of landforms can be created by scarp retreat over millions of years?

    <p>Mesas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the formation of high and low-pressure cells?

    <p>Differential heating of land and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is famous for its extensive arid landscapes in South Africa?

    <p>Great Karoo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the formation of intrusive igneous rock bodies?

    <p>Magma solidification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the Monsoon Winds characterized by seasonal reversals in wind direction?

    <p>Differential heating of land and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by cutting across existing strata, usually vertically?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Ferrel Cell from other global air circulation cells?

    <p>Affects temperate weather patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a pivotal role in shaping landscapes associated with horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Geological structures and climate interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the Coriolis Force have on wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere?

    <p>Causes deflection to the right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Batholiths' are usually composed of which type of rock?

    <p>Granite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature does most igneous rock lack compared to sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Polar High Pressure Zone primarily located?

    <p>90° N and S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a Föhn wind?

    <p>Dry, warm downslope winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jet Streams significantly influence which weather patterns?

    <p><strong>Storm tracks and temperature distributions</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Subsidence plays a significant role in determining dry seasons in Africa, especially in areas located where?

    <p><strong>North of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process drives wind from high to low-pressure areas?

    <p>Pressure Gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process responsible for the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is known for its grassland ecosystem?

    <p>The Central Highveld</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a convex slope?

    <p>Resembles the exterior of a sphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of granite domes as opposed to tors?

    <p>Intricate folding patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of slope is known for having a uniform gradient?

    <p>Regular Slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major geological process contributes to the shaping of South Africa's physiographic regions?

    <p>Tectonic forces and folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drought is characterized by the depletion of water reserves?

    <p>Hydrological Drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experiences the most significant frequency of droughts?

    <p>Sahel region in Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of desertification as explained in the text?

    <p>Human activities and climatic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which climatic phenomenon is characterized by stronger trade winds and upwelling of cold water in the Pacific Ocean?

    <p>La Niña</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of areas are classified based on their aridity levels into hyperarid, arid, semiarid, and dry subhumid zones?

    <p>Drylands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ocean currents contribute to dry and arid conditions in the Namib Desert?

    <p>Benguela and Canary currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do synoptic weather maps use lines connecting points of equal atmospheric pressure to represent?

    <p>Wind direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Socio-economic Drought' specifically impacts which aspect of society and economy?

    <p>$H_2O$ demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Hydrological Drought' is characterized by the deficiency of which natural resource?

    <p>$H_2O$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do ocean currents play in influencing Africa's climate?

    <p>Modifying temperatures over land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of global air circulation?

    <p>To evenly distribute thermal energy, air, and water across the Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do equinoxes differ from solstices in terms of sunlight distribution?

    <p>Equinoxes mark periods with the Sun directly over the equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main driver of atmospheric circulation according to the text?

    <p>Unequal heating of the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone is characterized by warm, wet air due to intense solar heating and consistent daylight?

    <p>The Equatorial Low Pressure Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do warm surface currents contribute to global heat transfer?

    <p>They transfer heat from the tropics towards the poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of warm air towards the poles at high altitudes in the atmosphere?

    <p>Unequal heating at the equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which latitudinal zone are subtropical high-pressure zones predominantly located?

    <p>Between 20° and 35° N and S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes deep ocean currents to assist in transferring heat globally?

    <p>Coriolis effect due to Earth's rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are atmospheric pressure belts represented on maps according to the text?

    <p>'Isobars' representing lines of equal atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process primarily leads to the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>Mass wasting and sheet erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do basaltic plateaus accumulate to significant depths over millions of years?

    <p>Through extensive lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect defines canyon landscapes and distinguishes them from other landscape types?

    <p>Erosion at different rates of horizontal rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes significantly to the formation of Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Processes similar to canyon landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental aspect plays a crucial role in the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>High levels of precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the resistance of rocks contribute to the formation of prominent hills within hilly landscapes?

    <p>By preventing complete erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes basaltic plateaus from other landscape types like hilly landscapes?

    <p>Accumulation of extensive lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a common characteristic between hilly and canyon landscapes?

    <p>'U' shaped valleys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do basaltic plateaus often become major tourist attractions in regions like South Africa?

    <p>For their dramatic scenery and unique geological structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates canyon landscapes in terms of their development compared to basaltic plateaus?

    <p>River erosion exploiting weaknesses in surface layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are granite domes primarily formed?

    <p>From the cooling and solidification of magma beneath the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process is largely responsible for the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body type is characterized by wall-like intrusions cutting across existing strata?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes massive igneous rocks from sedimentary rocks in terms of formation?

    <p>Sedimentary rocks are deposited over time, while igneous rocks solidify from magma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor that influences the landscape in regions with extensive massive igneous rock formations?

    <p>Erosion and weathering processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by saucer-shaped intrusions formed between sedimentary layers?

    <p>Lopoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinctive feature of tors in terms of their rock formations?

    <p>Piles of core stones appearing stacked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sills differ from dykes in terms of their orientation within existing rock layers?

    <p>Sills form horizontal layers between existing rock layers, unlike dykes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do batholiths play in the landscape when exposed on the surface?

    <p>Extensive landforms on the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the variation in temperatures between near the equator and higher latitudes?

    <p>Variances in the angle at which the Sun's rays strike the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do regions near the poles experience cooler temperatures compared to areas near the equator?

    <p>Less energy absorption due to oblique sun rays and reflective ice properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Earth's surface contribute to heating the atmosphere according to the text?

    <p>By absorbing long-wave infrared energy and re-radiating it as lower energy, warming the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do reflective properties of ice and snow play in the energy balance near the poles?

    <p>Reducing energy absorption by reflecting solar radiation back into space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do regions near the equator have warmer temperatures compared to higher latitudes?

    <p>As a result of direct sunlight leading to higher energy absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the angle of solar radiation have on energy absorption between regions near the equator and at higher latitudes?

    <p>It leads to higher energy absorption near the equator and lower absorption at higher latitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the movement of heat from areas of surplus to areas of deficit in the atmosphere?

    <p>Air pressure and temperature differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of warm surface currents from the tropics towards the poles?

    <p>Coriolis effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which global air circulation process does warm air rise at the equator and move towards the poles?

    <p>Hadley Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experiences cooler temperatures when it is tilted away from the Sun?

    <p>Polar regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the movement of deep ocean currents that assist in global heat transfer?

    <p>Differences in water density related to temperature and salinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is characterized by intense solar heating and consistent daylight resulting in warm, wet air?

    <p>Equatorial Low Pressure Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in periods of equal day and night lengths globally on equinoxes?

    <p>Earth's tilt relative to its orbit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does warm air rise before moving towards higher latitudes in global air circulation?

    <p>Equatorial zones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone is responsible for producing hot, dry air, particularly over deserts?

    <p>Subtropical High Pressure Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of atmospheric heat transfer from the tropics to the poles?

    <p>Differences in air pressure and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of the convergence of moist air masses on regions like Calabar and Kano?

    <p>High rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oceanic currents contribute to the dry and arid conditions in the Namib Desert?

    <p>Canary and Humboldt currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes La Niña conditions in terms of Pacific Ocean temperatures?

    <p>Stronger trade winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isobars on synoptic weather maps used to represent?

    <p>Atmospheric pressure variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dryland ecosystems, what category is characterized by the highest aridity level?

    <p>Hyperarid areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drought is defined by insufficient soil moisture affecting crops?

    <p>Agricultural drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Meteorological Drought' is characterized by what specific condition?

    <p>Below-average rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Desertification' primarily results from which factors?

    <p>'Human activities' and 'climatic changes'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Drought' affects all continents with notable long-term occurrences in regions like:

    <p>'Sahel region in Africa'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Ocean Currents' influence Africa's climate by modifying temperatures over land through:

    <p>'Warm and cold currents'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process contributes to the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is known for its semi-arid landscapes?

    <p>The Great Karoo Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a concave slope?

    <p>Curves outward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of South Africa's topography from west to east?

    <p>Gradual ascent in elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a regular slope from a convex slope?

    <p>Curving outward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the distinctive rock shapes and rounded boulders found in tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to the dry seasons experienced in areas like Kano (Nigeria) and Atar (Mauritania)?

    <p>Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Southern Hemisphere, which direction does air typically rise in low pressure cells?

    <p>Counter-clockwise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the driving force behind wind movement from high to low-pressure areas?

    <p>Pressure Gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which global air circulation cell influences temperate weather patterns by acting as a transitional zone?

    <p>Ferrel Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant role do jet streams play in influencing weather patterns?

    <p>Affecting storm tracks and temperature distributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which large-scale wind system is characterized by seasonal reversals in direction, impacting dry and wet seasons?

    <p>Monsoon Winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Harmattan winds' significantly impact weather conditions in which African regions?

    <p>Northern Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of desertification at a local and national level?

    <p>Threatening food security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly influences the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>High temperatures promoting chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes basaltic plateaus from hilly landscapes?

    <p>Extensive lava flows accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landscape type is characterized by initially flat lands being incised by rivers exploiting weaknesses in rock layers?

    <p>Canyon landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in rehabilitating already degraded lands?

    <p>Challenging and expensive nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Karoo landscapes evolve according to the provided text?

    <p>From processes similar to canyon landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of canyon landscapes compared to Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Valleys formed by rivers exploiting weaknesses in rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are horizontally layered rocks deposited according to the text?

    <p>In a flat or nearly flat position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature characterizes Drakensberg as a remnant of a vast basaltic plateau?

    <p>Depths of hundreds or even thousands of meters from lava flows accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process that leads to the unique rock formations known as tors?

    <p>Expanding rock joints due to cooling and percolating water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by a saucer-shaped intrusion between sedimentary layers?

    <p>Lopoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granite domes primarily become exposed at the surface?

    <p>By extensive erosion and weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a laccolith from other intrusive bodies?

    <p>Mushroom-shaped intrusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that widens valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that differentiates massive igneous rocks from sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Formation in layers over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landform is created when magma intrudes between sedimentary layers, causing the lower layer to sink?

    <p>Lopoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key concept is fundamental in the study of physical geography and geology related to intrusive igneous rock bodies?

    <p>Cooling and solidification of magma below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body is characterized by chimney-shaped intrusions that can transport magma from deep sources to near the surface?

    <p>Pipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does weathering play in the exposure of granite domes and tors?

    <p>Gradual removal of overlying material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinctive feature characterizes granite domes?

    <p>Rounded smoothness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do batholiths differ from laccoliths in terms of their size and composition?

    <p>Batholiths are larger and composed of granite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock formation is primarily formed when magma cools and solidifies below the Earth's surface?

    <p>Igneous rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sills differ from dykes in terms of their orientation within rock layers?

    <p>Sills cut horizontally across existing strata, while dykes form vertical intrusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of batholiths among intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Extensive landforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of formation for chimney-shaped intrusive bodies known as pipes?

    <p>Transportation of magma from deep sources to near the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process significantly alters a landscape by reducing once extensive plateaus to isolated, smaller landforms like mesas?

    <p><strong>Scarp retreat</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geomorphological element is primarily shaped by mass movement?

    <p>The Free Face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which slope element is likely to be smooth and characterized by deposition?

    <p>The Talus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to the widening of the pediment over time?

    <p>Parallel slope retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In areas with alternating layers of hard and soft rock, what may happen to the distinct features of slopes?

    <p>They repeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory explains slope erosion by suggesting that slopes maintain their angle and length over time?

    <p>Parallel slope retreat theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes a pediment from other geomorphological elements at the base of a slope?

    <p>Concave shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon encompasses the downward and outward movement of soil, rock, and other debris on a slope?

    <p>Mass movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves the imperceptibly slow downhill movement of soil?

    <p>Soil creep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which natural event can significantly alter the stability of slopes, leading to mass movements?

    <p>Earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mitigation strategy aims to enhance slope stability by increasing soil cohesion through root systems?

    <p>Vegetation planting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves highly fluid, rapid flows of mud, usually initiated following intense rainfall?

    <p>Mud flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which human activity can increase the vulnerability of slopes to mass movements?

    <p>Deforestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves the downward and outward rotational movement of slope material?

    <p>Slumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the free face of a slope according to the provided text?

    <p>It is too steep for loose material to accumulate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element at the base of a slope is primarily characterized by deposition?

    <p>The Talus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory explains slope development by suggesting that slopes erode while maintaining their angle and length over time?

    <p>Parallel Slope Retreat Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive characteristic of the pediment at the base of a slope?

    <p>It is a concave plain shaped mainly by erosion from running water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In geomorphological processes, which element of a slope is usually convex and where weathering and soil creep are predominant?

    <p>The Crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used interchangeably with 'mass movement' in the text?

    <p>Gravity shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a triggering event for mass movement in the text?

    <p>Strong winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves highly fluid, rapid flows of mud?

    <p>Mud flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mitigation strategy focuses on increasing soil cohesion through root systems?

    <p>Vegetation Planting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic environmental impact of mass movements described in the text?

    <p>Formation of natural dams and lakes due to landslides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Solifluction, a type of mass movement, is characteristic of which type of climate?

    <p>Cold climates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Slumps' involve which type of movement of slope material?

    <p>Rotational movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Rock Falls' primarily occur due to which two factors mentioned in the text?

    <p>Weathering and erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Landslides' are most commonly triggered by which environmental factor?

    <p>'Heavy rains'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What human impact is NOT mentioned in relation to mass movement in the text?

    <p>Economic damages from volcanic eruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pediment in a slope?

    <p>It is located at the base of the free face and is characterized by deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of a slope is primarily shaped by erosion from running water?

    <p>The Pediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In geomorphological processes, which element of a slope is usually convex and where weathering and soil creep are predominant?

    <p>The Crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory explains the widening of the pediment over time?

    <p>Parallel slope retreat theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of a slope is characterized by being almost vertical and shaped by mass movement?

    <p>The Free Face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element of a slope is located at the base of the free face and is smoother due to deposition?

    <p>The Talus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that can destabilize a slope and lead to mass movement?

    <p>Earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement is characteristic of cold climates and involves the slow flow of water-saturated soil over impermeable materials?

    <p>Solifluction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major environmental impact of mass movement that contributes to natural erosion processes?

    <p>Redistribution of materials downhill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mitigation strategy for mass movement involves enhancing slope stability by increasing soil cohesion through root systems?

    <p>Vegetation Planting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves the free-fall, bouncing, or rolling of individual rocks from steep slopes?

    <p>Rock Falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do heavy rains contribute to mass movement?

    <p>By increasing soil weight and reducing internal cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What human activity can increase the vulnerability of slopes and precipitate mass movement?

    <p>Deforestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement involves highly fluid, rapid flows of mud typically initiated in arid or semi-arid areas following intense rainfall?

    <p>Mud Flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the impacts of mass movement that affects biodiversity due to the destruction of vegetation and habitats?

    <p>Loss of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does undercutting by natural forces contribute to mass movement?

    <p>By eroding the base of a slope leading to potential collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the latitude of a location situated at the South Pole?

    <p>90° S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which direction is opposite to East on a compass rose?

    <p>West</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a location has a longitude of 120° W, where is it located?

    <p>In the western hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using true bearing, what angle is measured relative to?

    <p>True north</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the geographic coordinate system, which unit is used to subdivide each degree?

    <p>Seconds (&quot;)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lines of longitude in the geographic coordinate system?

    <p>Run from pole to pole measuring east-west position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of aerial photographs provides information on the object's height and depth?

    <p>Shadow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aerial photograph shows the horizon in the image?

    <p>High-Oblique Aerial Photograph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of built structures makes them distinguishable on aerial photographs?

    <p>Shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In aerial photographs, what feature helps differentiate between natural features like rivers and mountains?

    <p>Pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angle between true north and magnetic north called?

    <p>Magnetic declination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element plays a crucial role in determining the time of day from aerial photographs?

    <p>Shadow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of orthophoto maps compared to standard aerial photographs?

    <p>They offer a scale-accurate image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the true bearing calculated from the magnetic bearing?

    <p>By subtracting the magnetic declination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of closely spaced contour lines on a topographic map?

    <p>Steep slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which GIS function involves manipulating data to extract relevant information as per user requirements?

    <p>Recalling and Processing Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does GIS do in terms of transforming and integrating data?

    <p>It converts data into a uniform format.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vertical exaggeration enhance the visibility of terrain features in a cross-section?

    <p>By enlarging the vertical scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gradient measure in terms of geographical features?

    <p>The steepness of a slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do geographers use GIS for managing natural resources?

    <p>To enhance disaster preparedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key advantage do orthophoto maps offer over standard aerial photographs?

    <p>They offer corrected images for precise measurements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does intervisibility relate to topography?

    <p>It affects the ability to see between points without obstructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a cross-section provide in terms of understanding terrain?

    <p>A side view of elevation profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conversion factor is used to convert square meters to hectares?

    <p>$\frac{1}{10}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do contour lines on topographic maps connect?

    <p>$\text{Points of equal elevation above sea level}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between 1 hectare and square kilometers?

    <p>1 hectare is equal to 1 square kilometer (km²)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the presentation of findings usually conducted in the final phase of the research?

    <p>Classroom or conference settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of compiling research findings into a structured format such as a report or poster?

    <p>To present a summary of data collected, analysis conducted, and conclusions drawn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the final phase of research, what should researchers propose based on their findings?

    <p>Actionable solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when a hypothesis formulated at the beginning of research is accepted based on the gathered evidence?

    <p>The hypothesis is accepted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the structured approach to fieldwork considered important in research?

    <p>To ensure comprehensive and systematic research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the presentation of findings from the other research phases such as data collection and analysis?

    <p>It focuses on summarizing data and proposing recommendations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an atlas index?

    <p>To help users efficiently locate specific locations or features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In GIS, what does spatial resolution refer to?

    <p>The level of detail in an image based on pixel size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes raster data from vector data in GIS?

    <p>Raster data holds values in cells while vector data uses pixels for information representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data in GIS covers regions such as lakes or national parks?

    <p>Area Data (Polygons)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does spectral resolution indicate in GIS?

    <p>The ability of a sensor to detect information across various spectral bands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of an atlas offers visual context and helps illustrate changes over time?

    <p>Photographs and Diagrams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes line data from point data in GIS?

    <p>Line Data includes features with length but negligible width while Point Data represents specific locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of a raster data structure in GIS?

    <p>It consists of a grid of cells holding values for information like elevation or land use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data structure in GIS is effective for continuous data representation?

    <p>Raster Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an atlas, what role do graphs, charts, and tables serve?

    <p>They provide background analysis and insights on complex data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using an atlas in geography and related fields?

    <p>To study themes and gain a comprehensive understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the phase of fieldwork where data is collected and recorded, which of the following is NOT a commonly asked question?

    <p>Which statistical methods should be used for analysis?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In conducting fieldwork, why is phase 1, 'Identify and Define a Problem,' considered foundational?

    <p>To set the direction for the entire project</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Phase 3 of fieldwork, 'Collect, Describe, and Record Information,' from other phases?

    <p>It focuses on determining data collection methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is formulating a hypothesis important in the fieldwork process?

    <p>To propose an educated guess based on initial insights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of fieldwork primarily involves processing and analyzing collected data?

    <p>Phase 4: Analyse and Interpret Information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of Phase 2 in fieldwork, 'Formulate a Hypothesis'?

    <p>To propose an educated guess or hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity in fieldwork occurs primarily in the field where the phenomenon takes place?

    <p>'Collect, Describe, and Record Information'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Accessing the index to locate the desired place' is part of the process of using an atlas for:

    <p>&quot;Finding a Specific Place or Feature&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using geographic coordinates to define a location?

    <p>To pinpoint an exact location on Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which line or latitude runs east-west around the globe?

    <p>Parallels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Prime Meridian in the geographic coordinate system?

    <p>It defines the reference point for measuring longitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of direction, what does a true bearing measure relative to?

    <p>True North</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the basic compass points used for general orientation?

    <p>Center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect allows for precise pinpointing of locations using geographic coordinates?

    <p>The conversion into minutes and seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the presentation of findings usually conducted?

    <p>Classroom or conference setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of compiling research findings into a structured format in the final phase?

    <p>To summarize data collected and conclusions drawn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should researchers do based on the findings when proposing recommendations?

    <p>Propose actionable recommendations or solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which setting can feedback be solicited from peers or experts regarding the presentation of findings?

    <p>Classroom or conference setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the hypothesis formulated at the beginning after the evidence is gathered and analyzed?

    <p>It is accepted or rejected based on evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the structured approach to fieldwork ensure about the research?

    <p>It ensures comprehensive and systematic research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is magnetic declination defined?

    <p>The angle between true North and magnetic North</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a cross-section provide in topographical mapping?

    <p>Side view of elevation profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vertical exaggeration used for in drawing cross-sections?

    <p>To enhance visibility of terrain features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do closely spaced contour lines on a topographic map indicate?

    <p>Steep slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of drawing sight lines in topographical analysis?

    <p>Identifying intervisibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a contour line connect on a topographic map?

    <p>Points with equal elevation above sea level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In South Africa, how does magnetic north differ from true north?

    <p>Magnetic north lies west of true north.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio used for calculating gradient between two points?

    <p>1:30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature makes vertical aerial photographs ideal for mapping purposes?

    <p>They provide a consistent scale and top-down view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element helps in identifying objects' spatial qualities like height and depth on aerial photographs?

    <p>Shadow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between low-oblique and high-oblique aerial photographs?

    <p>Inclusion of the horizon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic helps distinguish between built structures and natural features on aerial photographs?

    <p>Shape regularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way are orthophoto maps different from standard aerial photos?

    <p>They provide a scale-accurate image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element influences tone variation on aerial photographs?

    <p>Reflectivity of objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of georeferencing in GIS?

    <p>To ensure each piece of data is associated with a specific location on the earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does spatial resolution impact the level of detail in an image?

    <p>By providing finer detail based on pixel size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of GIS data is best suited for representing features like rivers or roads?

    <p>Vector Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'spectral resolution' refer to in GIS?

    <p>Ability to detect information across various spectral bands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in GIS is especially effective for representing continuous data such as elevation?

    <p>Raster Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Line Data in GIS?

    <p>Include features like roads or rivers with length but negligible width</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an atlas differ from GIS in terms of presenting spatial information?

    <p><strong>GIS represents geographic data through digital modeling; atlases provide comprehensive spatial information through maps and charts</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atlas Index guides users in quickly finding specific locations or features by organizing entries in what manner?

    <p><strong>Alphabetical Listing</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Point Data in GIS represents:

    <p><strong>Specific locations on the earth's surface</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Raster Data is best suited for representing which type of information?

    <p><strong>Continuous data such as elevation or land use</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of using an atlas, what is the purpose of the alphabetical listing in the index?

    <p>To locate the desired place or feature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When conducting fieldwork as part of a research project, what is the main objective in Phase 2: Formulate a Hypothesis?

    <p>Proposing an educated guess or hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Phase 3: Collect, Describe, and Record Information in fieldwork from other phases of the research process?

    <p>Determining the type of data required and collection methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When conducting fieldwork, what is a key question that researchers should address during Phase 4: Analyse and Interpret Information?

    <p>What patterns emerge from the data?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In using an atlas for studying a theme, what step involves exploring related sections or broader categories that might include the theme as a subtopic?

    <p>Step 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main activity associated with Phase 1: Identify and Define a Problem in conducting fieldwork?

    <p>Engaging in extensive reading and observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In fieldwork, what distinguishes Phase 2: Formulate a Hypothesis from Phase 3: Collect, Describe, and Record Information?

    <p>Data collection methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using an atlas to find a specific place or feature, what step involves using the given map reference to locate the exact location?

    <p><strong>Step 4</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of geographic coordinates?

    <p>To define the location on Earth through latitude and longitude lines intersection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are lines of longitude different from lines of latitude?

    <p>Longitude lines measure east-west position, while latitude lines measure north-south position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a compass used for in geography?

    <p>To describe the direction from one geographic feature to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a true bearing?

    <p>It measures the angle relative to true north</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are bearings different from compass points?

    <p>Bearings are used for general orientation, while compass points are specific cardinal directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Given a location at 45° 30' N, 60° 15' E, which statement is correct?

    <p>The location is north of the Equator and east of Greenwich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the true bearing calculated?

    <p>By subtracting the magnetic declination from the magnetic bearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the presentation of findings usually carried out?

    <p>Classroom or conference setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technique used in drawing cross-sections to enhance terrain features' visibility?

    <p>Vertical Exaggeration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the final phase of compiling research findings?

    <p>Report, poster, or oral presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does intervisibility refer to in the context of topographic maps?

    <p>Ability to see from one point to another over terrain without obstructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is gradient calculated in geography?

    <p>By dividing vertical difference by horizontal distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are researchers expected to propose based on the findings?

    <p>Actionable recommendations or solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a cross-section provide a view of?

    <p>Side view of terrain's elevation profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the analytical phase of research often take place?

    <p>Classroom or lab setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In topographic maps, what do closely spaced contour lines indicate?

    <p>Steep slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of presenting findings in a classroom or conference setting?

    <p>To seek feedback from peers or experts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes contour lines on topographic maps?

    <p>Linkage between points of similar elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what format should the research findings be summarized during the final phase?

    <p>Report, poster, or oral presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'magnetic declination' represent in navigation?

    <p>Angle between magnetic north and true north</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vertical exaggeration affect drawings in geography?

    <p>'Exaggerates' subtle terrain features' visibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Contours connecting points of equal elevation above sea level' primarily aid in understanding what aspect of geography?

    <p>'Elevation changes'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do oblique aerial photographs differ from vertical aerial photographs?

    <p>Oblique photographs are taken directly overhead, while vertical photographs are taken at an angle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of built structures helps in their identification on aerial photographs?

    <p>Regular geometric shapes with clear boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do orthophoto maps differ from standard aerial photographs?

    <p>Orthophotos have lens distortions corrected, unlike standard aerial photos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element helps in determining the time of day and the position of the sun on aerial photographs?

    <p>Shadow cast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of GIS in transforming and integrating data?

    <p>Storing and Managing Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does tone variation on aerial photographs vary between vegetated areas and bare fields?

    <p>Bare fields appear lighter in tone than vegetated areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do shadows play in aerial photographs besides identifying objects?

    <p>Helping identify landforms' spatial qualities like height and depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are oblique aerial photographs useful for visualizing landscape features?

    <p>They offer a three-dimensional perspective due to their angle of capture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do orthophoto maps differ from standard aerial photos in terms of accuracy?

    <p>Orthophotos correct distortions and provide scale-accurate images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes high-oblique from low-oblique aerial photographs?

    <p>High-oblique photos show the horizon, while low-oblique photos do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of georeferencing spatial data in GIS?

    <p>To associate each piece of data with a specific location on Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of data in GIS represents features like roads or rivers that have length but negligible width?

    <p>Line Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes raster data from vector data structures in GIS?

    <p>Raster data is a grid of cells holding values like elevation or land use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an atlas, what is the main function of the index located at the back of the book?

    <p>To guide users in quickly finding specific locations or features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of an atlas complements maps by providing visual context and illustrating changes over time?

    <p>Photographs and Diagrams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data structure in GIS uses points, lines, and polygons to represent discrete features?

    <p>Vector Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does spectral resolution indicate in GIS?

    <p>The ability to detect information across various electromagnetic bands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Area Data' in GIS typically covers regions such as:

    <p>National Parks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes 'Vector Data' structure in GIS suited for precise representations of geographic features?

    <p>Uses points, lines, and polygons to represent discrete features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do 'Photographs and Diagrams' contribute to an atlas's overall content?

    <p>Offer visual context, illustrate changes over time, or differences between regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of an atlas mentioned in the text?

    <p>Organizing information for quick reference and study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Phase 3 of fieldwork primarily conducted according to the text?

    <p>In the field where the phenomenon occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Formulating a Hypothesis in a research project as per the text?

    <p>Proposing a potential solution to a problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do researchers engage in extensive reading and observation in Phase 1 of fieldwork?

    <p>To identify patterns, characteristics, and relationships indicating a problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crucial aspect of Phase 2: Formulate a Hypothesis in conducting fieldwork as described in the text?

    <p>Proposing an educated guess or hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of fieldwork is data collection primarily focused on interviews and observations?

    <p>Phase 3: Collect, Describe, and Record Information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Phase 1: Identify and Define a Problem aim to achieve according to the text?

    <p>Identifying patterns, characteristics, and relationships indicating a problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Engaging in extensive reading and observation' is part of which phase in conducting fieldwork as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Phase 1: Identify and Define a Problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key outcome of Phase 4: Analyse and Interpret Information according to the text?

    <p>Creating maps, diagrams, graphs from data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase involves determining 'the type of data required and methods for collecting it' according to the text?

    <p>Phase 3: Collect, Describe, and Record Information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lines of longitude on Earth?

    <p>Measure east-west position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaginary line passes through Greenwich, England, and is used as the 0° longitude reference point?

    <p>Prime Meridian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is direction specified more precisely using bearings?

    <p>Measured relative to true north in degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of direction, what does 'True Bearing' refer to?

    <p>Angle measured relative to true north</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do lines of latitude mainly help to measure on Earth?

    <p>North-south position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instrument is commonly used for general orientation when understanding direction?

    <p>Compass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of presenting findings in a structured format?

    <p>To summarize the data collected and conclusions drawn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the final phase, involving compiling research findings, typically conducted?

    <p>In a laboratory or classroom setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of proposing actionable recommendations based on research findings?

    <p>To suggest solutions for the identified problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is feedback typically obtained during the presentation of research findings?

    <p>In a classroom or conference setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are researchers expected to present their conclusions in the final phase?

    <p>With a summary of collected data, analysis conducted, and conclusions drawn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What setting is conducive for presenting research findings for feedback from experts in the field?

    <p>In a classroom or conference setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a true bearing calculated from a magnetic bearing?

    <p>By subtracting the magnetic declination from the magnetic bearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'magnetic declination' refer to?

    <p>The angle between magnetic north and true north</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In South Africa, where does magnetic north lie in relation to true north?

    <p>West</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the area typically measured for regular and irregular shapes?

    <p>In square meters (m²) or square kilometers (km²)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between one hectare (ha) and square meters (m²)?

    <p>1 ha = 10,000 m²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does vertical exaggeration aim to enhance in a cross-section drawing?

    <p>'Subtle' terrain features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is gradient typically calculated between two points on a slope?

    <p>$\frac{HD}{VD}$ where HD is horizontal distance and VD is vertical difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Intervisibility' refers to which aspect of terrain analysis?

    <p>'Visible' terrain features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Contours and Their Interpretation' on topographic maps are primarily used for depicting what?

    <p>'Elevation' above sea level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Cross-Section' in topographic mapping provides a view of which aspect of terrain?

    <p>'Side view'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using orthophoto maps in geography?

    <p>To correct for topographic relief and lens distortions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is NOT used to identify features on aerial photographs?

    <p>Color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between low-oblique and high-oblique aerial photographs?

    <p>Low-oblique photos show the horizon, high-oblique do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes vertical aerial photographs ideal for mapping purposes?

    <p>They provide a true top-down view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences tone variation in objects on aerial photographs?

    <p>Reflectivity of the object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are shadows cast on aerial photographs considered useful?

    <p>To identify objects and their spatial qualities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of identifying patterns, characteristics, and relationships in Phase 1 of conducting fieldwork?

    <p>To identify a research problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity is essential in Phase 3: Collect, Describe, and Record Information during fieldwork?

    <p>Determining data collection methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is formulating a hypothesis critical in Phase 2 of conducting fieldwork?

    <p>To make educated guesses about the research outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for analyzing data using statistical methods in Phase 4 of research fieldwork?

    <p>To identify underlying causes or influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes fieldwork from secondary research in terms of data collection locations?

    <p>Fieldwork involves direct observation in natural environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what phase of conducting fieldwork would a researcher examine patterns that emerge from collected data?

    <p>Phase 4: Analyse and Interpret Information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of conducting fieldwork focuses on defining a specific problem to be addressed?

    <p>Phase 1: Identify and Define a Problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Identify and Define a Problem' is primarily conducted in which setting during fieldwork?

    <p>Classroom or library setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Collect, Describe, and Record Information' in Phase 3 of fieldwork mainly occurs at which stage of the research process?

    <p>'Data Collection' stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does georeferencing aim to achieve in GIS?

    <p>Enhance spatial relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of data in GIS represents features like roads or rivers?

    <p>Line Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between raster and vector data structures in GIS?

    <p>Raster data holds values in cells, while vector data represents features using points, lines, and polygons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information is best represented using raster data in GIS?

    <p><strong>Population density</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    In GIS, what does spectral resolution refer to?

    <p><strong>Ability to detect information across spectral bands</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component in an atlas provides quantitative views on various issues?

    <p><strong>Graphs</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an atlas index primarily assist users with?

    <p><strong>Locating specific information quickly</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes point data in GIS from area data?

    <p><strong>Point data has negligible width; area data covers regions</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of geographical elements are most effectively represented using vector data in GIS?

    <p><strong>Road networks and river systems</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Photographs and diagrams in an atlas complement maps by providing visual context and illustrating changes over time or differences between regions. Which other component's role is similar to photographs and diagrams?

    <p><strong>Charts</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

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