June Paper 1 Exam Hard
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Questions and Answers

Why do regions near the equator experience warmer temperatures compared to regions near the poles?

  • Near the equator, ice and snow reflect more solar radiation back into space, reducing energy absorption.
  • The Sun's rays strike the Earth's surface more directly near the equator, resulting in higher energy absorption. (correct)
  • Regions near the poles receive more direct sunlight, leading to higher energy absorption and warmer temperatures.
  • The Sun's rays hit the Earth at a more oblique angle near the equator, spreading energy over a larger area.

    • How does the reflective property of ice and snow impact the energy absorption near the poles?

  • Reflection of solar radiation by ice and snow reduces energy absorption, contributing to cooler temperatures. (correct)
  • Ice and snow absorb more solar radiation, leading to higher temperatures near the poles.
  • Ice and snow prevent heat from escaping, resulting in warmer temperatures near the poles.
  • Ice and snow have no effect on energy absorption at high latitudes.

    • How does the Earth's surface influence the atmosphere's temperature?

  • The Earth's surface absorbs high-energy solar radiation and re-radiates it as lower-energy infrared radiation, heating the atmosphere from below. (correct)
  • The atmosphere absorbs low-energy radiation from space and converts it into high-energy radiation.
  • The atmosphere absorbs high energy, short-wave radiation from the Sun and re-radiates it as low-energy infrared radiation.
  • The Earth's surface absorbs low-energy radiation and re-radiates it as high-energy radiation towards space.

    • What is the primary reason for the variation in climate zones across the globe?

    <p>The unequal heating of the Earth's surface due to varying angles at which the Sun's rays strike different parts of the planet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does energy absorption differ between regions near the equator and those near the poles?

    <p>Regions near the equator receive more direct sunlight, leading to higher energy absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does re-radiated energy from the Earth's surface contribute to atmospheric heating?

    <p>Re-radiated energy from the Earth's surface heats the atmosphere from below.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the cool, wet conditions in the Subpolar Low Pressure Zone?

    <p>Air spun away by centrifugal forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which latitudes are the Polar High Pressure Zones located?

    <p>90° N and S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which force causes wind to deflect right in the Northern Hemisphere?

    <p>Coriolis Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of winds are the Monsoon Winds characterized as?

    <p>Seasonally reversing winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor determining the environmental differences across Africa?

    <p>Variability in rainfall patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which wind type leads to rapid warming and drying conditions on the leeward side of mountain ranges?

    <p>Föhn winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Subsidence' in Africa leads to prolonged dry seasons primarily due to which factor?

    <p>Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Jet Streams' significantly influence weather patterns by primarily affecting which aspect?

    <p>Temperature distributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hadley Cells are responsible for which of the following?

    <p>'Tropical rains' and 'trade winds'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates high pressure cells from low pressure cells in terms of air circulation direction?

    <p>High-pressure cells exhibit anti-clockwise sinking air, while low-pressure cells feature clockwise rising air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns that distribute heat across the Earth?

    <p>Unequal heating of the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of global air circulation?

    <p>To redistribute thermal energy from the poles to the equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the movement of heat from areas of surplus (tropics) to areas of deficit (poles) in the atmosphere?

    <p>Unequal heating resulting in differences in air pressure and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pressure belt is characterized by warm, wet air due to intense solar heating and consistent daylight?

    <p>Equatorial Low Pressure Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the movement of deep ocean currents transferring heat globally?

    <p>Temperature and salinity differences affecting water density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor causes warm surface currents to transfer heat from the tropics towards the poles?

    <p>Solar radiation intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which global phenomena is the Sun directly over the equator, providing equal day and night lengths globally?

    <p>Equinoxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Isobars represent lines of equal atmospheric pressure' relates to which subtopic from the text?

    <p>'World Pressure Belts'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Warm air rises at the equator and moves towards the poles at high altitudes before cooling and descending' relates to which heat transfer mechanism?

    <p>'Atmospheric Circulation'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The oceans play a crucial role in the Earth's heat balance through the movement of surface and deep ocean currents' best describes which concept?

    <p>'Oceanic Circulation'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main impact of the convergence of moist air masses during the shift of the ITCZ northwards?

    <p>Bringing about the wet season with high rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do warm and cold ocean currents influence Africa's climate?

    <p>By modifying temperatures over land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What climatic phenomenon is characterized by the reversal of normal air and sea water circulation patterns?

    <p>El Niño</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature on synoptic weather maps connects points of equal atmospheric pressure?

    <p>Isobars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drought involves a prolonged period of below-average rainfall?

    <p>Meteorological Drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is desertification primarily caused by?

    <p>Human activities and climatic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experiences the highest frequency of droughts globally?

    <p>Sahel region in Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of climate is experienced in areas far from the sea?

    <p>Continental climate with significant temperature variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two cold ocean currents that contribute to dry conditions in regions like the Namib Desert?

    <p>Benguela Current and Canary Current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes La Niña conditions from El Niño?

    <p>Stronger trade winds and upwelling of cold water in La Niña</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual amount of land degrading into desert, jeopardizing the livelihoods of nearly 900 million people worldwide?

    <p>12 million hectares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a direct cause of desertification in the text?

    <p>Industrial pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does desertification contribute to biodiversity loss?

    <p>By reducing available habitats for various species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of desertification mentioned in the text?

    <p>Threat to food security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key requirement for effective desertification prevention?

    <p>Sustainable resource use strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of landscapes are characterized by gentle and rounded slopes, especially in hot and humid regions?

    <p>Hilly landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are basaltic plateaus formed?

    <p>Through volcanic lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What field of study focuses on mass movement and its impact on landforms and landscapes?

    <p>Geomorphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rocks are characterized by large areas covered with horizontal layers, often protected by a layer of resistant rock like dolerite?

    <p>Sedimentary rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mass movement impact ecosystems?

    <p>Causes habitat destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process widens valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering, leading to the formation of various landforms such as mesas, buttes, and conical hills?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the landscapes in the Karoo generally unsuitable for agriculture?

    <p>Lack of suitable soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the movement of soil, rock, and debris in mass movements?

    <p>Gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological structures play a pivotal role in shaping the diverse landscapes associated with horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Igneous rocks and intrusive bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to understand the nuances of mass movements?

    <p>To prevent natural disasters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rock primarily forms in layers from the deposition of material over time?

    <p>Sedimentary rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mass movement affect human infrastructures and lives?

    <p>Poses risks and often leads to damage and loss of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which igneous rock type is characterized by forming when magma cools and solidifies below the Earth's surface?

    <p>Granite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is usually composed of granite and can form extensive landforms when exposed on the surface?

    <p>Batholiths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape created by laccoliths as they push the overlying strata upwards?

    <p>Saucer-like</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intrusive body sinks the lower layer between sedimentary layers, creating a saucer-shaped intrusion?

    <p>Lopoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process is primarily responsible for the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering in rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is characterized by being a semi-arid region?

    <p>The Great Karoo Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of a convex slope?

    <p>It curves outward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geomorphological process predominantly shapes the top of a hill or crest?

    <p>Weathering and soil creep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory explains slope development as maintaining their angle and length while eroding parallel to themselves?

    <p>Parallel slope retreat theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinguishing feature of the free face of a slope?

    <p>It has an almost vertical orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of slope resembles the interior of a bowl?

    <p>Concave slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which South African region would you expect to find folded mountains shaped by tectonic forces?

    <p>The Southwestern Cape Fold Belt Mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a significant role in exacerbating the chemical weathering process that leads to the formation of tors?

    <p>Water percolating through joints in the rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of a slope is primarily shaped by mass movement?

    <p>The Free Face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to the formation of tors?

    <p>Vertical and horizontal joints in the rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes intrusive bodies like dykes from laccoliths?

    <p>Vertical intrusions that cut across existing strata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granite domes typically originate?

    <p>Erosion and exposure of batholiths or laccoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes lopoliths from sills?

    <p>Saucer-shaped intrusions causing the lower layer to sink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of geological process is responsible for the creation of granite domes?

    <p>Erosion and weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do tors exhibit piles of partially rounded boulders known as core stones?

    <p>Chemical weathering below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body type is characterized by chimney-shaped intrusions?

    <p>Pipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do massive igneous rocks differ from sedimentary rocks in terms of their formation?

    <p>Solidification of magma below the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes batholiths from laccoliths in terms of their shapes?

    <p>&quot;Plate-like&quot; vs. &quot;Dome-like&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do massive igneous rock formations become visible only after extensive erosion?

    <p>Overlying material gradually removed by weathering and erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do regions near the poles experience cooler temperatures compared to regions near the equator?

    <p>As a result of the reflective properties of ice and snow in polar regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the unequal heating of Earth's surface on climate zones?

    <p>Driving atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Sun's angle of incidence influence energy absorption at different latitudes?

    <p>Lower angles spread energy over a larger area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the overall warmth of the planet according to the text?

    <p>Absorption of long-wave infrared energy by the Earth's surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential factor for creating various climate zones across the globe?

    <p>Unequal heating resulting from varying angles of Sun's rays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the reflective property of ice and snow influence energy absorption near the poles?

    <p>It reduces energy absorption by reflecting solar radiation back into space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences the formation of the Subpolar Low Pressure Zone?

    <p>Differential heating between land and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Southern Hemisphere, which direction does the air circulate in high-pressure cells?

    <p>Counter-clockwise sinking air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Ferrel Cell in global air circulation?

    <p>Affecting weather patterns in temperate regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main influence of jet streams on weather patterns?

    <p>Shaping storm tracks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What combination of forces results in geostrophic wind?

    <p>Pressure Gradient and Coriolis Forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly affects where different air masses converge to form weather fronts?

    <p>Source region characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism driving global air circulation according to the text?

    <p>Unequal heating of Earth's atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone is characterized by warm, wet air due to intense solar heating and consistent daylight?

    <p>Equatorial Low Pressure Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes deep ocean currents to aid in transferring heat globally?

    <p>Changes in water density related to temperature and salinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature influences the movement of surface and deep ocean currents according to the text?

    <p>Coriolis effect due to Earth's rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) shift between the northern and southern hemispheres seasonally?

    <p>Varying intensity of the Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do subtropical high-pressure zones play in the weather and climate?

    <p>Producing hot, dry air particularly over deserts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Isobars represent lines of equal atmospheric pressure' relates to which topic from the text?

    <p><strong>World Pressure Belts</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Warm air rises at the equator and moves towards the poles at high altitudes before cooling and descending' relates to which heat transfer mechanism?

    <p><strong>Atmospheric Circulation</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of climate features minimal temperature fluctuations due to its proximity to the sea?

    <p>Maritime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ocean currents contribute to dry and arid conditions in the Namib Desert?

    <p>Benguela and Canary Currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon is characterized by the depletion of water reserves?

    <p>Hydrological Drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which ecosystem category do regions with scarce water resources fall under?

    <p>Arid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of regions typically confront risks associated with drought and desertification?

    <p>Dryland ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region globally experiences notable long-term occurrences of droughts?

    <p>Australia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor leading to degraded land and reduced agricultural productivity?

    <p>Human activities and climatic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which climatic phenomenon is characterized by the influence of El Niño-like conditions?

    <p>Indian Ocean Dipole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmospheric phenomenon significantly influences weather patterns including wind speed and direction?

    <p>Isobars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region predominantly faces challenges associated with desertification?

    <p>Drylands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that shapes Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Differential erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major influence on the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for the formation of canyons in canyon landscapes?

    <p>Differential erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological structure gives rise to basaltic plateaus?

    <p>Extensive lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Deposition in a flat position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes the most to the development of basaltic plateaus?

    <p>Lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes hilly landscapes from canyon landscapes?

    <p>Deep valleys with stepped sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do canyon landscapes have steep cliffs and gentler slopes?

    <p>'Differential erosion creates these features in canyons'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Sheet erosion plays a crucial role in the formation of which type of landscape?

    <p>Hilly landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes significantly to the development of canyons in canyon landscapes?

    <p>Rivers exploiting weaknesses in surface layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mass movement vary?

    <p>In speed, type, and its impacts on human life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential to comprehend about the nuances of mass movement?

    <p>The causes and effects of mass movements on landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mass movement fundamentally alter?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mass movement in geomorphology?

    <p>To shape landforms through soil and rock movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mass movement impact human lives?

    <p>By often affecting infrastructures and lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does scarp retreat contribute to the formation of the distinctive landscapes in the Karoo region?

    <p>By reducing once extensive plateaus to isolated landforms like mesas and buttes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes massive igneous rocks from sedimentary rocks in terms of formation?

    <p>Most igneous rocks do not form in layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of laccoliths among the types of intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>They push overlying strata upwards, creating a dome-like shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granite domes typically arise based on the text?

    <p>From the erosion and exposure of batholiths or laccoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks play in shaping the geological landscape?

    <p>They significantly influence the landscape through their various types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Tebus and Koffiebus' in the Karoo region illustrate the transition from what types of landforms?

    <p>Mesas to buttes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Back wasting' as a process related to scarp retreat involves what actions?

    <p>Gradual transformation of plateaus into distinctive landforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Batholiths' are primarily composed of what type of rock material?

    <p>'Granite'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Sills' associated with massive igneous rocks are characterized by their orientation in which direction?

    <p>'Horizontal'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process is primarily responsible for the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intrusive igneous rock bodies are directly formed by:

    <p>Solidification of magma within the Earth's crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes laccoliths from lopoliths?

    <p>The shape they create on the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by horizontal layers formed between existing rock layers?

    <p>Sills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to the distinctive appearance of granite domes?

    <p>Chemical erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do massive igneous rocks primarily differ from sedimentary rocks in terms of their formation?

    <p>Formation in layers from deposited material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a significant role in exacerbating the chemical weathering process leading to the formation of tors?

    <p>Water percolating through rock joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes Laccoliths?

    <p><em>Laccoliths</em> are mushroom-shaped intrusions that push overlying strata upwards, creating dome-like shapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Batholiths from Laccoliths in terms of their shapes?

    <p>The shape they create on the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor contributing to the distinctive shapes and rounded boulders typifying tors?

    <p>Vertical and horizontal rock joints exacerbated by water percolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is characterized by being a flat, low-lying area adjacent to the coastline?

    <p>The Coastal Plain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of slope curves inward, resembling the interior of a bowl?

    <p>Concave Slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In geomorphological processes, what characterizes the free face element of a slope?

    <p>Almost vertical where loose material accumulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Crest element in geomorphological processes?

    <p>Where weathering and soil creep are predominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory explains that slopes maintain their angle and length as they erode over time?

    <p>'Parallel slope retreat' theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Central Highveld in South Africa from other regions based on its elevation?

    <p>Elevated at 1,600 to 1,700 meters above sea level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'A vast saucer-shaped interior plateau' is a characteristic feature of which physiographic region in South Africa?

    <p>The Central Highveld</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for South Africa's terrain ascending gradually from west to east?

    <p>Drakensberg Mountains forming a natural barrier in the east</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of The Great Karoo Basin physiographic region?

    <p>Known for its arid landscapes and semi-arid conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to the widening of the pediment, altering the landscape over time?

    <p>Slope Dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used synonymously with mass movement in the field of geomorphology?

    <p>Mass Wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences mass movement in altering landscapes and impacting ecosystems?

    <p>Gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement fundamentally alters landscapes by influencing soil, rock, and debris on a slope?

    <p>Mass Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What study field explores landforms and the processes shaping them while discussing mass movement?

    <p><strong>Geomorphology</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What atmospheric effect occurs due to the Earth's surface re-radiating solar energy as lower energy infrared energy?

    <p>Atmospheric heating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the reflective nature of ice and snow at higher latitudes contribute to energy absorption and temperatures?

    <p>It decreases energy absorption and lowers temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly influences the creation of different climate zones across the globe?

    <p>Unequal heating of the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the warmer temperatures experienced near the equator compared to higher latitudes?

    <p>Direct angle of sun rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the spread of solar energy over a larger area at higher latitudes impact temperature compared to lower latitudes?

    <p>It results in consistently cooler temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns that transport heat from the equator towards the poles?

    <p>Unequal heating of the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process involved in the formation of tors?

    <p>Expansion of vertical and horizontal joints in the rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes granite domes from laccoliths?

    <p>Large, smooth, rounded rock formations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates lopoliths from batholiths?

    <p>Saucer-shaped intrusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key role do laccoliths play in the geological landscape?

    <p>Pushing overlying strata upwards into dome-like shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process leads to the exposure of granite domes at the surface?

    <p>Expansion of joints in the rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intrusive body is characterized by horizontal layers formed between existing rock layers?

    <p>Sills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do massive igneous rocks primarily differ from sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Forming in layers from material deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the formation of batholiths?

    <p>Cooling and solidification of magma beneath the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the consequences of the Earth's tilt during each hemisphere's summer?

    <p>Experiencing warmer temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon occurs during equinoxes?

    <p>Equal day and night lengths globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of warm air towards the poles at high altitudes?

    <p>Warm air rising at the equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Coriolis effect influence oceanic circulation?

    <p>Inducing clockwise motion in northern hemisphere currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Equatorial Low Pressure Zone?

    <p>Intense solar heating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Subtropical High Pressure Zone typically located?

    <p>Between 20°-35° N and S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of atmospheric pressure belts in determining weather and climate?

    <p>Influencing temperature gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon causes global surface currents to carry heat from the tropics towards the poles?

    <p><strong>Temperature differences</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the direction of ocean currents due to Earth's rotation?

    <p>Coriolis effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of differences in air pressure and temperature responsible for global heat redistribution?

    <p>Atmospheric circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor significantly contributes to the formation of hilly landscapes, particularly in hot and humid regions?

    <p>High temperatures promoting chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is a remnant of a vast basaltic plateau and now serves as a major tourist attraction in South Africa?

    <p>Drakensberg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In canyon landscapes, what causes the formation of deep valleys with stepped sides?

    <p>Rivers exploiting weaknesses in the surface layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What erosional process primarily shapes Karoo landscapes?

    <p>River incision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor plays a crucial role in creating distinct landscapes associated with horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Resistance of rocks to weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological feature characterizes basaltic plateaus or lava plateaus?

    <p>Extensive lava flows accumulating over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes canyon landscapes from hilly landscapes primarily?

    <p>Differential erosion of horizontal rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What commonly leads to the formation of prominent hills within hilly landscapes?

    <p>Resistant rocks within the landscape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of weathering is significantly promoted in hot and humid regions, contributing to landscape formation?

    <p>Chemical weathering primarily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do basaltic plateaus form over millions of years?

    <p>As a result of extensive and gradual lava flows accumulating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drought specifically affects crops due to insufficient soil moisture?

    <p>Agricultural Drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two cold ocean currents mentioned in the text that contribute to dry conditions in regions like the Namib Desert?

    <p>Canary and Humboldt Current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What climatic phenomenon is characterized by stronger trade winds and upwelling of cold water in the Pacific Ocean?

    <p>La Niña</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of area experiences minimal temperature fluctuations due to its proximity to the sea?

    <p>Arid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In synoptic weather maps, what do closed circular isobars indicate?

    <p>High-pressure cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of desertification according to the text?

    <p>Human activities and climatic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason behind the distinctive rock shapes and rounded boulders found in tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering due to joint expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is characterized by being a semi-arid region with extensive arid landscapes?

    <p>The Kalahari Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key element of a slope is primarily shaped by erosion from running water?

    <p>The Pediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a regular slope from a concave slope?

    <p>Curves inward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory explains the concept that as slopes erode, they maintain their angle and length, retreating parallel to themselves over time?

    <p>Parallel slope retreat theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In South Africa, which region is positioned at an average elevation of 1,200 meters above sea level?

    <p>The Central Highveld</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of slope element is characterized by being an almost vertical slope or cliff shaped mainly by mass movement?

    <p>The Free Face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Sheet erosion' primarily contributes to the formation of which type of landscape?

    <p>Valleys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Hadley Cells' are responsible for which atmospheric phenomena across the globe?

    <p>'Trade Winds' and 'Polar Easterlies'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Warm air rises at the equator and moves towards the poles at high altitudes before cooling and descending' relates to which heat transfer mechanism?

    <p>'Convection'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily influences the formation of the Subpolar Low Pressure Zone?

    <p>Cool, wet conditions and centrifugal forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates the Ferrel Cell from the Hadley Cell in the Tri-cellular Model of Global Air Circulation?

    <p>Acts as a transitional zone affecting temperate weather patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary influence of Coriolis Force on wind direction?

    <p>Drives wind deflection left in the Northern Hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of wind is characterized by seasonal reversals in direction, leading to dry and wet seasons?

    <p>Monsoon Winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are air masses classified based on their source regions?

    <p>By their latitude and surface characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a Föhn Wind from Jet Streams?

    <p>Dry, warm downslope winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept best explains the movement of winds from high to low-pressure areas?

    <p><strong>Pressure Gradient</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hadley Cells operate between which latitudes?

    <p><strong>0° and 30°</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of climate is primarily influenced by subsidence processes?

    <p>Desert climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the Harmattan winds that bring prolonged dry seasons to certain regions?

    <p>Subsidence and warm adiabatic compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism driving the formation of mesas, buttes, and conical hills in landscapes characterized by horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process gradually reduces extensive plateaus into isolated, smaller landforms over millions of years in regions with horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Scarp retreat or back wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geomorphological process plays a pivotal role in the development of distinctive landscapes like Tebus and Koffiebus in the Karoo region?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key components of the Earth's crust that significantly influence landscape and geomorphology, particularly in terms of granite domes and tors?

    <p>Massive igneous rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is typically composed of granite and can form extensive landforms when exposed on the Earth's surface?

    <p>Laccoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes massive igneous rocks formed from magma solidification beneath the Earth's surface from sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Formation in layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive igneous rock body is characterized by a chimney-like shape that can transport magma from deep sources to the surface?

    <p>Pipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the geological process responsible for the formation of large, smooth, rounded rock formations like granite domes?

    <p>Magma solidification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of laccoliths among the types of intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Mushroom-shaped intrusions pushing overlying strata upwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the distinct geographic features that illustrate the transition from mesas to conical hills in the Karoo region?

    <p>Tebus and Koffiebus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Earth's surface absorb solar radiation near the equator compared to higher latitudes?

    <p>The Earth's surface near the equator absorbs more solar radiation due to the direct angle of the Sun's rays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the energy from the Sun when it reaches higher latitudes near the poles?

    <p>It is absorbed by a smaller area, resulting in cooler temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the reflective properties of ice and snow play in regions near the poles?

    <p>Reflecting solar radiation back into space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Earth's surface contribute to the overall warmth of the planet?

    <p>By absorbing high energy, short-wave radiation from the Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns that transport heat from the equator towards the poles?

    <p>Unequal heating due to variations in insolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes warmer temperatures near the equator compared to higher latitudes?

    <p>Less oblique angle of the Sun's rays near the equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of heat from the tropics to the poles in both the atmosphere and oceans?

    <p>Unequal heating of Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes warm air to rise at the equator and move towards the poles at high altitudes?

    <p>Differences in air pressure and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmospheric phenomenon is crucial for redistributing heat globally through a cycle of air movement?

    <p>Atmospheric circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a key role in transferring heat from the tropics towards the poles in oceanic circulation?

    <p>Deep ocean currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significantly influences the direction of ocean currents, causing them to curve in specific hemispheres?

    <p>The Coriolis effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism moves thermal energy, air, and water from regions near the Equator to polar regions according to the text?

    <p>Unequal heating of Earth's atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks periods when one hemisphere is maximally tilted towards or away from the Sun?

    <p>Solstices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of meteorological drought?

    <p>Long periods of below-average rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do warm and cold ocean currents influence Africa’s climate?

    <p>By transporting heat and modifying temperatures over land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes maritime climate from continental climate?

    <p>Significant temperature variations and proximity to the sea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes desertification primarily according to the text?

    <p>Transformation of fertile land into desert due to human activities and climatic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are high and low-pressure cells identified on synoptic weather maps?

    <p>By the spacing between isobars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of La Niña conditions?

    <p>Stronger trade winds and upwelling of cold water in the Pacific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experiences significant temperature variations due to its distance from the sea?

    <p>Kano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the formation of the Polar High Pressure Zones?

    <p>Dense, sinking air due to low temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Coriolis Force influence wind direction in the Southern Hemisphere?

    <p>Deflects wind left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmospheric phenomenon is responsible for tropical rains and the trade winds?

    <p>Hadley Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Monsoon Winds?

    <p>Seasonal reversals in wind direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which zone would you find anti-clockwise sinking air according to the text?

    <p>Polar High Pressure Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What creates cool, wet conditions in the Subpolar Low Pressure Zone?

    <p>Air spun away by centrifugal forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Subsidence' leads to what type of seasons in areas north of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)?

    <p><strong>Prolonged dry seasons</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological factor plays a crucial role in the formation of hilly landscapes in hot and humid regions?

    <p>Resistance of the rock and climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of landscape is characterized by a combination of resistance of rocks, climate, and action of water and other erosional agents?

    <p>Karoo landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes significantly to the development of basaltic plateaus over millions of years?

    <p>Extensive lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In canyon landscapes, what natural process leads to the formation of deep valleys with stepped sides?

    <p>River erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Karoo landscapes from basaltic plateaus and canyon landscapes?

    <p>Resistance of rocks to erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do hilly landscapes exhibit gentle and rounded slopes in hot and humid regions?

    <p>High rainfall leading to mass wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the significant influence of climate on the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>&quot;High temperatures promoting chemical weathering&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following geological features is characteristic of canyon landscapes?

    <p>Steep cliffs on less resistant layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a crucial role in shaping basaltic plateaus?

    <p>Resistance of rocks to erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary influence of mass movement on landscapes and ecosystems?

    <p>Shaping geological features through erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mass movement vary in nature?

    <p>By varying in speed, scale, and nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic that distinguishes laccoliths from batholiths?

    <p>Their curved inward shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granite domes primarily originate?

    <p>By cooling and solidifying below the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In geomorphology, what phenomenon encompasses the downward and outward movement of soil, rock, and debris?

    <p>Mass movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geomorphological process contributes to the transformation of expansive plateaus into isolated landforms?

    <p>Lateral erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes laccoliths among intrusive igneous rock formations?

    <p>Mushroom-shaped intrusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of intrusive igneous rock body associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Inselbergs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key role do sills play in the formation of landscapes associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Forming horizontal layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes pipes among intrusive igneous rock formations?

    <p>Vertical orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landforms result from the gradual transformation of extensive plateaus due to scarp retreat?

    <p>Mesas, buttes, and conical hills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key concept differentiates massive igneous rock formation from sedimentary rock formation?

    <p>Layered deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Back wasting' contributes to the formation of what distinctive geological feature in the Karoo region?

    <p>'Tebus'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Batholiths' primarily consist of which rock type and contribute to what type of landforms?

    <p>'Granite', 'Extensive landforms'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary geological process instrumental in shaping landscapes characterized by granite domes and tors?

    <p>Weathering and mass movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the talus slope in geomorphological processes?

    <p>Deposition of loose material at the base of a slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the theory of parallel slope retreat explain slope development over time?

    <p>By proposing that slopes maintain their angle and length, advancing parallel to themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a regular slope from a convex slope?

    <p>Outward-curving shape like a sphere's exterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geographic feature characterizes the Great Karoo Basin region in South Africa?

    <p>Extensive arid landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process that leads to the distinctive rock shapes and rounded boulders found in tors?

    <p>Expansion of joints in the rock through chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding slope elements important in studying geomorphological processes?

    <p>To comprehend the role of various elements in landscape formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are granite domes primarily formed?

    <p>By the cooling and solidification of magma below the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process leads to the distinctive rock shapes and rounded boulders found in tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of laccoliths in shaping geological landscapes?

    <p>Pushing overlying strata upwards to create dome-like shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes intrusive bodies like sills from dykes?

    <p>Sills are horizontal layers, while dykes cut vertically across strata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates massive igneous rocks from sedimentary rocks in terms of their formation?

    <p>Massive igneous rocks form in layers, sedimentary rocks do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic that defines tors as unique rock formations?

    <p>Rounded boulders appearing stacked upon one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do massive igneous rock formations become visible only after extensive erosion?

    <p>As a result of chemical weathering below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body type is characterized by chimney-shaped intrusions that transport magma from deep sources to or near the surface?

    <p><strong>Pipes</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor driving the formation of intrusive igneous rock bodies?

    <p><strong>Magma intrusion and solidification</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do granite domes appear at the surface over time?

    <p>Due to gradual weathering and erosion revealing them beneath overlying material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific event can significantly alter the stability of slopes and cause rapid movement of earth materials?

    <p>Human activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement involves imperceptibly slow movement of soil downhill?

    <p>Soil Creep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What natural process can lead to slope destabilization through the deposition of loose volcanic material or melting of snow and ice?

    <p>Volcanic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes Solifluction from other types of mass movement?

    <p>Moisture content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor reduces the internal cohesion of soils and promotes mass movement by increasing their weight?

    <p>Heavy rains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cold climate environment is Solifluction most likely to occur?

    <p>Tundra environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vegetation planting contribute to slope stability?

    <p>Enhances slope stability by increasing soil cohesion through root systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mitigation strategy aims to reduce water infiltration into slope materials?

    <p>Drainage Systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary environmental impact of mass movements related to the formation of natural dams and lakes?

    <p>Blockage of rivers by landslide debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which human impact is directly associated with the disruption of industrial productivity?

    <p>Disruption of transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do safety nets and barriers contribute to mitigating the effects of mass movement?

    <p>Catch falling rocks or debris, protecting infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes slumps from rock falls and mud flows in terms of movement?

    <p>Involve downward and outward rotational movements forming slip surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific natural phenomenon can destabilize a slope through the deposition of loose volcanic material?

    <p>Volcanic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of climate is Solifluction most characteristic?

    <p>Cold climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movements are Landslides characterized by?

    <p>Rapid movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor plays a significant role in increasing the vulnerability of slopes according to the text?

    <p>Deforestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement characterizes Soil Creep according to the text?

    <p>Slow movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do heavy rains contribute to promoting movement in slopes?

    <p>By saturating soils and increasing their weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of safety nets and barriers in mitigating mass movement?

    <p>To catch falling rocks or debris to protect infrastructure and people below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ecological impact arises from the formation of natural dams and lakes due to blockage of rivers by landslide debris?

    <p>Destruction of vegetation and habitats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key function of rock bolts in mitigating mass movement?

    <p>Stabilizing rock faces by mechanically reinforcing them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do slumps differ from rock falls and mud flows in terms of movement?

    <p>Downward and outward rotational movement forming a slip surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary economic impact mentioned in the text related to mass movement?

    <p>Disruption of transportation leading to industrial productivity losses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vegetation planting contribute to slope stability in the context of mass movement mitigation?

    <p>By enhancing soil cohesion through root systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

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