June Paper 1 Exam Mix
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for the unequal heating of the Earth's surface?

  • Variation in the angle at which the Sun's rays strike different parts of the planet (correct)
  • Differences in the Earth's magnetic field
  • Varying reflective properties of the Earth's surface
  • Changes in the Earth's rotation speed

    • How does the angle at which the Sun's rays strike near the equator differ from that near the poles?

  • Same angle near both the equator and poles
  • No difference in angles between the equator and poles
  • More direct near the equator and more oblique near the poles (correct)
  • More oblique near the equator and more direct near the poles

    • What happens to solar radiation at higher latitudes near the poles compared to near the equator?

  • It gets absorbed more near the poles
  • It results in cooler temperatures near the poles (correct)
  • It reflects back into space near the equator
  • It spreads over a larger area near the equator

    • How does ice and snow contribute to reducing energy absorption in regions near the poles?

    <p>By reflecting solar radiation back into space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation does the Earth's surface absorb from the Sun and re-radiate to heat the atmosphere?

    <p>High energy, short-wave radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does re-radiated energy from the Earth's surface contribute to the warmth of the planet?

    <p>It heats up the atmosphere from below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the formation of high and low-pressure cells?

    <p>Differential heating of land and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which wind deflection pattern is observed in the Southern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis force?

    <p>Deflects left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of wind is the Brickfielder in Australia considered to be?

    <p>Föhn wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Polar High Pressure Zone primarily located?

    <p>90° N and S poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Hadley Cell play in global air circulation?

    <p>Influences tropical rains and trade winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which force is responsible for driving wind from high to low-pressure areas?

    <p>Pressure Gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Ferrel Cell in global air circulation?

    <p>Operates between 30° and 60° latitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Föhn Winds can be best described as:

    <p><strong>Dry, warm downslope winds</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mainly influences the climate variability across different regions of Africa?

    <p>Variation in rainfall patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does the convergence of moist air masses have on regions like Calabar and Kano?

    <p>Significant rainfall during the wet season</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do warm and cold ocean currents influence Africa's climate?

    <p>By modifying temperatures over land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which significant climatic phenomenon is characterized by the reversal of normal air and sea water circulation patterns?

    <p>El Niño</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of synoptic weather maps connects points of equal atmospheric pressure?

    <p>Isobars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of desertification?

    <p>Environmental migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drought results in the inability to meet water demands affecting society and economy?

    <p>Socio-economic Drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region experiences the highest frequency of droughts?

    <p>Sahel region in Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oceans in driving the global climate?

    <p>Acting as a 'heat engine'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are drylands categorized based on their aridity levels?

    <p>Based on their aridity levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ocean currents contribute to dry and arid conditions in regions like the Namib Desert?

    <p>Benguela and Canary currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the global air circulation patterns discussed in the text?

    <p>Differences in air pressure and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region absorbs more energy than it loses, according to the text?

    <p>Tropics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the Coriolis effect influencing oceanic circulation?

    <p>Earth's rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which seasons do the equinoxes occur?

    <p>Spring and autumn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Equatorial Low Pressure Zone located?

    <p>Between 10° N and 10° S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do subtropical high-pressure zones play in global weather?

    <p>Producing hot, dry air over deserts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ocean currents contribute to heat transfer across the globe?

    <p>Through differences in water density related to temperature and salinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process is primarily responsible for the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of rock formations are tors primarily found?

    <p>Granite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which South African region is notable for its grassland ecosystem?

    <p>The Central Highveld</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Kalahari Basin in South Africa?

    <p>Extensive arid landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process widens valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rocks are massive igneous rocks formed from?

    <p>Solidified magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an intrusive body associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Geysers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinctive shape do laccoliths create in the landscape?

    <p>Domes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that landscapes associated with horizontal rock layers in the Karoo are generally not suitable for agriculture?

    <p>Lack of rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process gradually transforms plateaus into mesas, buttes, and conical hills?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinctive feature characterizes granite domes in the landscape?

    <p>Smooth rounded shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is formed when magma intrudes between sedimentary layers and causes the lower layer to sink?

    <p>Lopoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intrusions are dykes known for?

    <p>Vertically cut intrusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pipes shape the geological landscape?

    <p>By transporting magma vertically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>High temperatures promoting chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are basaltic plateaus mainly formed?

    <p>By extensive lava flows from the Earth's crust cracks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process leads to the formation of canyon landscapes?

    <p>Vertical erosion by rivers exploiting weak surface layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Karoo landscapes from hilly landscapes?

    <p>Evolution from the processes forming canyon landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes to the resistance of rocks in landscapes?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor determining the shape of canyon landscapes?

    <p>Erosion rates on different rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do basaltic plateaus often attract tourists?

    <p>As they are remnants of extensive lava flows creating scenic beauty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be said about the climate in regions with hilly landscapes?

    <p>It influences chemical weathering processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do horizontally layered rocks contribute to the formation of Karoo landscapes?

    <p>By exploiting weaknesses in surface layers for vertical erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are canyon landscapes considered attractive to visitors?

    <p>For the dramatic scenery created by steep cliffs and gentle slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process that leads to the formation of tors?

    <p>Expansion of joints in the rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by forming horizontal layers between existing rock layers?

    <p>Sills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between sedimentary rocks and massive igneous rocks in terms of formation?

    <p>Massive igneous rocks form in layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of laccoliths among intrusive bodies?

    <p>Mushroom-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are granite domes primarily exposed at the surface?

    <p>As a result of erosion and weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological concept do granite domes and tors provide valuable insights into?

    <p>Geomorphological evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body is known for being wall-like and cutting across existing strata?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a lopolith from other intrusive bodies?

    <p>Horizontal orientation between sedimentary layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landforms do massive igneous rocks like granite domes and tors significantly influence?

    <p>Geomorphology and landscape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key process leads to the formation of massive igneous rock bodies?

    <p>Solidification of magma below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the variation in climate zones across the globe?

    <p>The unequal heating of the Earth's surface due to the angle at which the Sun's rays strike different parts of the planet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does insolation (incoming solar radiation) vary with latitude?

    <p>It varies significantly with latitude, being higher near the equator and lower near the poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to solar radiation at higher latitudes near the poles?

    <p>It spreads over a larger area due to oblique angles, resulting in less absorption and cooler temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does re-radiated energy from the Earth's surface have on the atmosphere?

    <p>It heats the atmosphere, contributing to the overall warmth of the planet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do regions near the poles experience cooler temperatures compared to equatorial regions?

    <p>Because ice and snow reflect solar radiation back into space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does solar radiation absorption differ between equatorial and polar regions?

    <p>Equatorial regions absorb more solar radiation due to their lower latitude position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of heat from the tropics to the poles in the atmosphere?

    <p>Differences in air pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Equatorial Low Pressure Zone located on Earth?

    <p>Between 10° N and 10° S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomena are directly responsible for shifting the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) seasonally?

    <p>Sun's varying intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Subtropical High Pressure Zone in terms of air conditions?

    <p>Hot, dry air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is crucial for moving thermal energy, air, and water globally from energy-rich to energy-poor regions?

    <p>Unequal heating of Earth's atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the movement of warm surface currents from the tropics towards the poles in the oceans?

    <p>Coriolis effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do warm surface ocean currents transfer heat from and towards?

    <p>From equator towards poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what direction do ocean currents in the southern hemisphere curve due to the Coriolis effect?

    <p>To the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The oceans play a crucial role in Earth's heat balance' mainly through which mechanism?

    <p>'Deep ocean currents'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is characterized by consistent daylight due to intense solar heating?

    <p>Equatorial Low Pressure Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of wind direction from high to low-pressure areas?

    <p>Pressure Gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells is responsible for driving polar climates?

    <p>Polar Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weather phenomenon is influenced by the Ferrel Cell in the global circulation model?

    <p>Transitional Weather Patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which force causes wind to deflect right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere?

    <p>Coriolis Force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of High Pressure cells in the Southern Hemisphere?

    <p>Clockwise Sinking Air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What human activities contribute to desertification indirectly?

    <p>Policies promoting resource degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes hilly landscapes in hot and humid regions?

    <p>Gentle and rounded slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are basaltic plateaus primarily formed?

    <p>Through volcanic lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What landforms typically result from canyon landscapes?

    <p>Steep cliffs and deep valleys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the formation of Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Interaction of geological structures, climate, and erosional processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of the convergence of moist air masses during the shift of the ITCZ northwards?

    <p>Significant rainfall in regions like Calabar and Kano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between basaltic plateaus and hilly landscapes?

    <p>Formation by lava flows in basaltic plateaus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weather phenomenon is characterized by the reversal of normal air and sea water circulation patterns?

    <p>El Niño</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In synoptic weather maps, what do closed circular isobars indicate?

    <p>High and low-pressure cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of warm ocean currents on Africa's climate?

    <p>Enhanced rainfall in coastal areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drought results from long periods of below-average rainfall?

    <p>Meteorological drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of desertification according to the text?

    <p>Human activities and climatic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do synoptic weather maps help forecast weather conditions?

    <p>By predicting atmospheric phenomena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates maritime climate from continental climate?

    <p>Continental climates experience minimal temperature fluctuations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ocean currents contribute to dry and arid conditions in regions like the Namib Desert?

    <p>The Benguela and Canary currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central role of oceans in driving global climate according to the text?

    <p>Modifying temperatures over land through ocean currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process is primarily attributed to the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region of South Africa is characterized by a saucer-shaped interior plateau?

    <p>The Central Highveld</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of surface landform are slopes essential elements in forming?

    <p>Mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what elevation do parts of Johannesburg in South Africa exceed?

    <p>1,800 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Drakensberg Mountains in South Africa?

    <p>Elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is known for its arid landscapes?

    <p>The Great Karoo Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geomorphological process widens valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of massive igneous rocks being exposed by weathering and erosion?

    <p>Granite domes appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of laccoliths among intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Mushroom-like shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of intrusive bodies like dykes in shaping the geological landscape?

    <p>Cutting across existing strata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to the transformation of plateaus into distinct landforms like mesas and buttes?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by a chimney-like shape for transporting magma?

    <p>Pipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between sedimentary rocks and most igneous rocks in terms of formation?

    <p>Formation from molten magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor influencing the formation of granite domes and tors?

    <p>Cooling and solidification of magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body type is known for forming horizontal layers between existing rock layers?

    <p>Sills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes granite domes in the landscape?

    <p>Smooth, rounded formations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological processes are primarily responsible for the formation of tors?

    <p>Erosion and weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes granite domes from laccoliths in terms of appearance?

    <p>Rounded shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following intrusive bodies is primarily composed of granite?

    <p>Batholiths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are laccoliths different from sills in terms of their impact on overlying strata?

    <p>Sills sink lower layers, while laccoliths push overlying strata upwards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body is characterized by chimney-like intrusions transporting magma?

    <p>Pipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key factor contributes to the distinctive core stones seen in tors formations?

    <p>Expansion of rock joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological process plays a significant role in shaping the landscape by exposing intrusive bodies after extensive erosion?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sets apart sills from dykes in terms of their orientation within existing rock layers?

    <p>Sills form horizontally between existing layers, while dykes cut vertically across layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of magma behavior distinguishes laccoliths from lopoliths in their formation?

    <p>Laccoliths intrude between sedimentary layers, pushing them upwards, while lopoliths cause lower layers to sink.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor driving the chemical weathering process that leads to the distinctive shapes of tors formations?

    <p>Percolating water through rock joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the angle at which the Sun's rays strike near the equator differ from that near the poles?

    <p>Sun's rays hit the equator perpendicularly and the poles obliquely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to less energy absorption and cooler temperatures near the poles?

    <p>Reflective properties of ice and snow reflecting solar radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the Earth's surface redistribute energy to warm the atmosphere?

    <p>By absorbing low-energy infrared radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns play in heat transport on Earth?

    <p>Transporting heat from equator towards poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to insolation (solar radiation) as it moves from near the equator towards the poles?

    <p>It spreads over a larger area decreasing energy absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the reflective property of ice and snow near the poles contribute to Earth's energy balance?

    <p>By reflecting solar radiation back into space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Hadley Cell in global air circulation?

    <p>Responsible for tropical rains and the trade winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of Coriolis force on wind direction in the Southern Hemisphere?

    <p>Causes wind to deflect left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Föhn Winds in terms of their effect on climate?

    <p>Result in dry, warm conditions with rapid warming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experiences clockwise rising air in low-pressure cells according to the text?

    <p>Southern Hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Jet Streams influence weather patterns?

    <p>Significantly impact storm tracks and temperature distributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Polar High Pressure Zone?

    <p>Cold, dry conditions with limited precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences high and low-pressure cell formation significantly?

    <p>Differential heating of land and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes wind to flow parallel to isobars at high altitudes according to the text?

    <p>'Geostrophic Wind' balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor leads to the cool, wet conditions in the Subpolar Low-Pressure Zone?

    <p>Centrifugal forces from Earth's rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are air masses classified according to the text?

    <p>By their source region's latitude and underlying surface characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the climatic impact of oceans on regions far from the sea?

    <p>Significant temperature variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ocean currents contribute to dry and arid conditions in regions like the Namib Desert?

    <p>Benguela and Canary currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drought results from the inability to meet water demands affecting society and economy?

    <p>Socio-economic Drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of weather conditions are significantly influenced by High and Low Pressure Cells identified on synoptic weather maps?

    <p>Wind speed and direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by long periods of below-average rainfall?

    <p>Meteorological Drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon is essentially the opposite of El Niño?

    <p>La Niña</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of global air circulation patterns impacting Africa's climate?

    <p>Trade Winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are dry subhumid areas classified based on aridity levels?

    <p><em>Hyperarid, semiarid, arid</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process primarily leads to the formation of tors?

    <p>Erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is characterized by its semi-arid landscapes?

    <p>The Great Karoo Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Central Highveld in South Africa geographically?

    <p>Known for its grassland ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are slopes described based on their shape and contour patterns?

    <p>Based on curvature and inclination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Coastal Plain in South Africa geographically?

    <p>Flat, low-lying areas near the coast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of surface landforms do slopes contribute to forming?

    <p><strong>Tors</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological process contributes to the widening of valleys through lateral erosion, mass movement, and weathering?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinctive shape do laccoliths create in the landscape due to their mushroom-shaped intrusions?

    <p>Domes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by forming horizontal layers as magma spreads out between existing rock layers?

    <p>Sills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are granite domes primarily formed from, after the erosion and exposure of batholiths or laccoliths?

    <p>Magma cooling below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of massive igneous rocks not forming in layers?

    <p>Formation of domes and tors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body is known for being wall-like and cutting across existing rock strata?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes massive igneous rocks like granite domes when exposed by weathering and erosion?

    <p>Notable geological features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Lopoliths" are formed when magma intrudes between sedimentary layers, causing which effect?

    <p>&quot;Koffiebus&quot; sinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Pipes" are chimney-shaped intrusions that transport magma from deep sources to where?

    <p>&quot;Surface&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Granite Domes" are primarily exposed at the surface after the erosion and exposure of which geological formations?

    <p>&quot;Batholiths&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary geological process responsible for the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering in the rock joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes laccoliths from lopoliths among intrusive bodies associated with massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Their saucer-like shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are sills formed in relation to existing rock layers?

    <p>Spreading horizontally between layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes granite domes from batholiths in terms of appearance?

    <p>Their smooth and rounded shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrusive body is primarily characterized as a chimney-shaped conduit for magma transport?

    <p>Pipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor contributing to the rounded shape of boulders in tors formations?

    <p>Vertical joint expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do granite domes and tors significantly influence landscapes?

    <p>By shaping the Earth's surface geomorphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the gradual removal of overlying material to reveal a granite dome beneath?

    <p>Chemical weathering in the rock joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process contributes to the formation of hilly landscapes?

    <p>Mass wasting and sheet erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are basaltic plateaus formed over millions of years?

    <p>Through volcanic eruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key factor contributes to the creation of canyon landscapes?

    <p>Differential erosion of horizontal rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is known for evolving into Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Canyons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a crucial role in the shaping of Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Erosional processes and rock resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily forms the distinctive geological structure of horizontally layered rocks?

    <p>Sedimentary layer deposition in a flat position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do basaltic plateaus accumulate to great depths over time?

    <p>Extensive lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes hilly landscapes in hot and humid regions?

    <p>'Mass wasting' and 'sheet erosion'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sets basaltic plateaus apart from canyon landscapes?

    <p>'Extensive lava flows'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of heat from surplus areas to deficit areas in the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Unequal heating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a crucial role in transferring heat from the tropics towards the poles through surface currents?

    <p>Oceanic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Equatorial Low Pressure Zone located geographically?

    <p>Between 10 N and 10 S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes ocean currents to curve to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere?

    <p>Coriolis effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of global air circulation as outlined in the text?

    <p>Unequal heating of Earth's atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone produces hot, dry air over deserts due to descending air that heats upon compression?

    <p>Subtropical High Pressure Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences oceanic circulation by causing deep ocean currents driven by differences in water density?

    <p>Coriolis effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon shifts between the northern and southern hemispheres seasonally, affecting pressure zones?

    <p>'Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Earth's energy balance and climate benefit from the unequal heating phenomenon?

    <p>By increasing energy absorption at lower latitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the reflective property of ice and snow have on energy absorption near the poles?

    <p>It decreases energy absorption by reflecting solar radiation back into space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Earth's surface contribute to the heating of the atmosphere?

    <p>By absorbing high energy, short-wave radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to incoming solar radiation as it moves from equatorial regions towards the poles?

    <p>It spreads over a larger area, leading to less absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the oblique angle at which the Sun's rays strike the Earth play in temperature variation across the planet?

    <p>It results in warmer temperatures at lower latitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the variation in insolation with latitude contribute to climate diversity across the globe?

    <p>It results in a range of temperature and weather conditions due to differing solar intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily influences the formation of high and low-pressure cells?

    <p>Differential heating of land and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which air pressure zone exhibits clockwise rising air in the Southern Hemisphere?

    <p>Subpolar Low Pressure Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Tri-cellular model of global air circulation, which cell drives polar climates?

    <p>Polar Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary force responsible for driving wind from high to low-pressure areas?

    <p>Pressure Gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which winds are characterized by seasonal reversals in direction, leading to dry and wet seasons?

    <p>Monsoon Winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do air masses play in influencing weather patterns?

    <p>Significantly impacting weather patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon significantly influences weather patterns, including storm tracks and temperature distributions?

    <p><strong>Jet Streams</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Föhn Winds are characterized by which of the following?

    <p><strong>Dry, warm downslope winds</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of the convergence of moist air masses during the shift of the ITCZ northwards on regions like Calabar and Kano?

    <p>High rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ocean currents contribute to the dry and arid conditions in regions such as the Namib Desert?

    <p>Canary and Benguela currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the impacts of El Niño from La Niña on global weather patterns?

    <p>La Niña influences global climatic conditions with normal air circulation patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do isobars represent in synoptic weather maps?

    <p>Atmospheric pressure differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drought results from long periods of below-average rainfall?

    <p>Meteorological Drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes significantly to the development of hilly landscapes?

    <p>High temperatures promoting chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do basaltic plateaus mainly form over millions of years?

    <p>Through volcanic lava flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor leading to desertification according to the text?

    <p>Human activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experiences the highest frequency of droughts globally according to the text?

    <p>Sahel region in Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes canyon landscapes from other types of landscapes?

    <p>Erosion at different rates in horizontal rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does desertification primarily refer to according to the text?

    <p>&quot;The transformation of fertile land into desert caused by human actions&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for the formation of Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Erosion and weathering of rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Drylands cover approximately what percentage of Earth's land area?"

    <p>~41%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a crucial role in the development of Karoo landscapes?

    <p>Climate-induced chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the formation of distinct cliffs and valleys in canyon landscapes?

    <p>Variability in rock erosion rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of region do hilly landscapes particularly develop?

    <p>Hot and humid regions with high precipitation levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key geological process involved in the formation of basaltic plateaus?

    <p>Lava flows accumulating over long periods of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do horizontally layered rocks contribute to the variety of landscapes?

    <p>Based on their resistance leading to varied erosion rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect significantly influences the development of basaltic plateaus?

    <p>Lava flows originating from underground chambers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the oceans in the Earth's heat balance as discussed in the text?

    <p>Influencing global air circulation through surface currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of heat from areas of surplus to areas of deficit in global air circulation?

    <p>Differences in air pressure and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does warm air primarily rise in the global atmospheric circulation pattern?

    <p>At the equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes ocean currents to curve to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere?

    <p>Coriolis effect due to the Earth's rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) shift between the northern and southern hemispheres seasonally?

    <p>Influenced by the Sun's varying intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Equatorial Low Pressure Zone based on its location and atmospheric conditions?

    <p>Warm, wet air from intense solar heating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does atmospheric pressure have on global temperature distribution?

    <p>It influences wind patterns that transport heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process contributes to the formation of tors through the expansion of rock joints?

    <p>Chemical weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what types of regions are tors primarily found due to extensive massive igneous rock formations?

    <p>Regions with granite formations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological process leads to distinctive rock shapes and rounded boulders typically seen in tors formations?

    <p>Volcanic eruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiographic region in South Africa is known for its semi-arid landscapes?

    <p>The Great Karoo Basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Central Highveld in South Africa based on its elevation and ecosystem?

    <p>High-altitude grassland ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Coastal Plain physiographic region in South Africa from other regions in terms of its geographical features?

    <p>Flat, low-lying areas along the coastline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the Karoo region is generally unsuitable for agriculture?

    <p>Lack of rainfall and shallow topsoil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do massive igneous rocks differ from sedimentary rocks in terms of their formation?

    <p>Massive igneous rocks cool and solidify from magma below the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by forming chimney-shaped conduits for magma transport?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinctive geological feature arises from the erosion and exposure of batholiths or laccoliths?

    <p>Granite domes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process significantly alters the landscape by reducing once extensive plateaus into isolated landforms?

    <p>Scarp retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes laccoliths from lopoliths in terms of their shape and impact on overlying strata?

    <p>Laccoliths push strata upwards, lopoliths cause lower layers to sink.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are granite domes primarily formed?

    <p>Due to erosion and exposure of batholiths or laccoliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor contributing to the formation of tors?

    <p>Chemical weathering below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes laccoliths from lopoliths in terms of their shape?

    <p>Laccoliths create dome-like shapes while lopoliths create saucer-shaped intrusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process leads to the expansion of joints in massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Chemical weathering below the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intrusive body is characterized by vertical wall-like intrusions?

    <p>Dykes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates batholiths from laccoliths?

    <p>Batholiths are composed of granite while laccoliths are composed of basalt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in formation between sedimentary rocks and massive igneous rocks?

    <p>Sedimentary rocks form in layers while most igneous rocks do not form in layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sets pipes apart from sills among intrusive bodies?

    <p>Pipes transport magma from deep sources while sills form horizontal layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tors primarily differ from granite domes?

    <p>Tors are characterized by partially rounded boulders stacked upon one another while granite domes are smooth and rounded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do batholiths play in the geological landscape?

    <p>Formation of extensive landforms when exposed on the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geomorphological process is primarily responsible for shaping the Free Face of a slope?

    <p>Mass movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key element at the base of a slope is primarily characterized by deposition and is located below the Free Face?

    <p>The Talus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of slope development theories, what concept posits that slopes erode while maintaining their angle and length, retreating parallel to themselves?

    <p>Parallel slope retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature at the base of a slope is primarily shaped by erosion from running water and displays a slightly concave form?

    <p>The Pediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes Concave Slopes from Convex Slopes in terms of their appearance?

    <p>A bowl-like inward curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The top of a hill, usually convex and where weathering and soil creep are predominant, is known as:

    <p>The Crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of solifluction among types of mass movement?

    <p>Characterized by rapid movement in cold climates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary process can lead to slope destabilization through the deposition of loose volcanic material or melting of snow and ice?

    <p>Volcanic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which impact of mass movement is associated with the formation of natural dams and lakes due to blockage of rivers by landslide debris?

    <p>Formation of natural dams and lakes due to blockage of rivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of safety nets and barriers in the context of mass movement mitigation strategies?

    <p>Catch falling rocks or debris, protecting infrastructure and people below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement involves the slow movement of soil downhill imperceptibly?

    <p>Soil Creep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does heavy rainfall contribute to the occurrence of mass movements?

    <p>By promoting the reduction of internal cohesion in soils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes slumps among types of mass movement?

    <p>Involves downward and outward rotational movement forming a concave-upward slip surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vegetation planting and safety nets differ as mass movement mitigation strategies?

    <p>Safety nets provide physical support to unstable slopes, while vegetation planting increases soil cohesion through root systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can mud flows be differentiated from rock falls?

    <p>Highly fluid, rapid flows of mud usually initiated in arid areas following intense rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinctly characterizes a convex slope?

    <p>Resembles the exterior of a sphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is found at the base of the free face on a slope?

    <p>The Talus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In geomorphological processes, what primarily shapes the top of a hill known as the crest?

    <p>Weathering and soil creep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a concave slope?

    <p>Curves inward similar to the interior of a bowl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary geomorphological process that shapes an almost vertical slope or cliff known as the free face?

    <p>Mass movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element on a slope is primarily shaped by erosion from running water?

    <p>The Pediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to the instability of slopes often resulting in mass movements?

    <p>Undercutting by natural forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event can lead to the destabilization of slopes through the deposition of loose volcanic material?

    <p>Volcanic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement is characteristic of cold climates and involves water-saturated soil over impermeable materials?

    <p>Solifluction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of mass movements on the environment due to the redistribution of materials?

    <p>Formation of natural dams and lakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mitigation strategy focuses on enhancing slope stability by increasing soil cohesion through root systems?

    <p>Vegetation planting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves highly fluid, rapid flows of mud, typically seen in arid or semi-arid areas after intense rainfall?

    <p>Mud flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event can significantly alter the stability of slopes, leading to their rapid movement?

    <p>Earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of mass movement on human societies in terms of economic losses?

    <p>Disruption of transportation and industrial productivity losses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mitigation strategy aims to reduce water infiltration into slope materials to lower the risk of slope failure?

    <p>Drainage systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes landslides among other types of mass movement?

    <p>Involves free-fall, bouncing, or rolling of individual rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a convex slope?

    <p>It curves outward, resembling the exterior of a sphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is characterized by being an almost vertical slope or cliff, shaped by mass movement?

    <p>The Free Face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In slope development theories, what does the concept of parallel slope retreat propose?

    <p>Slopes maintain their angle and length retreating parallel to themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Talus (Debris or Scree Slope) at the base of a slope?

    <p>Characterized by deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome does the widening of the pediment lead to over time?

    <p>Widening of the smooth slope at the base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are slopes composed differently when there are alternating layers of hard and soft rock?

    <p>Having repeated features with alternating layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is synonymous with mass movement in the study of geomorphology?

    <p>Mass wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event can lead to slope destabilization through the deposition of loose volcanic material or melting of snow and ice?

    <p>Volcanic eruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement involves imperceptibly slow movement of soil downhill on sloped terrains?

    <p>Soil Creep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary environmental impact of mass movements related to the redistribution of materials?

    <p>Alteration of landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mitigation strategy focuses on enhancing slope stability by increasing soil cohesion through root systems?

    <p>Vegetation Planting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can increase the vulnerability of slopes by altering their stability?

    <p>Deforestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mass movement is characterized by highly fluid, rapid flows of mud, usually initiated in arid or semi-arid areas following intense rainfall?

    <p>Mud Flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass movement involves downward and outward rotational movement of slope material forming a concave-upward slip surface?

    <p>Slumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of events can significantly alter the stability of slopes, causing rapid movement of earth materials?

    <p>Volcanic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon can lead to slope destabilization through the erosion of the base by waves or river action, potentially causing collapse?

    <p>Earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

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