The Diaphragm and Breathing
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Questions and Answers

Which muscle is responsible for the majority of inspiration at rest?

  • Scalenes
  • Diaphragm (correct)
  • Trapezius
  • External intercostals
  • Which nerves provide sensory innervation to the central diaphragm?

  • Subcostal nerves
  • Phrenic nerve (correct)
  • Pleural nerves
  • Intercostal nerves
  • What happens to the thoracic volume during forced inspiration?

  • Thoracic volume decreases
  • Thoracic volume fluctuates
  • Thoracic volume increases (correct)
  • Thoracic volume remains the same
  • Which structure forms the central part of the diaphragm?

    <p>Central tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level does the right dome of the diaphragm reach when maximally expired?

    <p>Rib 5 level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT attached to the diaphragm?

    <p>Transverse process L1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of flail chest?

    <p>Occurs after severe trauma fracturing &gt;3 ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the thoracic wall during inspiration in flail chest?

    <p>It is drawn inwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which level are the transverse thoracic sections located in the image?

    <p>T12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are present at the T9 level in the transverse thoracic sections?

    <p>Right ventricle, Left ventricle, IVC, liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are located at the T5 level in the transverse thoracic sections?

    <p>SVC, Ascending aorta, carina, Pulmonary trunk, Descending aorta, Oesophagus, Azygous vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the serous pleural fluid in the lungs?

    <p>To reduce friction during breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for the majority of the work during respiration?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure passes through the diaphragm at the level of T10?

    <p>Inferior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical significance of the "triangle of safety" for chest tube insertion?

    <p>It is the area where the chest tube can be inserted without risk of injury to vital structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of cells forms from the inner cell mass during implantation?

    <p>Epiblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During gastrulation, which process gives rise to the three germ layers?

    <p>Gastrulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells form a zygote during the early stages of development?

    <p>Inner cell mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layers form the body walls and connective tissue of the respiratory systems?

    <p>Parietal and visceral layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of lateral folding during embryonic development?

    <p>Closing of the body walls and entrapment of intraembryonic coelom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape does the intraembryonic coelom form around the developing head?

    <p>Horseshoe shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During lung development, which phase is characterized by the formation of primitive alveoli with cuboidal epithelium and developing capillaries?

    <p>Canalicular phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following congenital abnormalities occurs in approximately 95% of cases and involves abdominal organs entering the thoracic cavity, preventing proper lung development?

    <p>Congenital diaphragmatic hernia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharyngeal arches contribute to the development of the larynx and are associated with cranial nerves 4 and 6?

    <p>Pharyngeal arches 4 and 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of lung development does the alveoli continue to divide after birth?

    <p>Alveolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incidence rate of congenital pulmonary airway malformation?

    <p>1 in 30,000 births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary defect in oesophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula?

    <p>Defect in partitioning of tracheoesophageal septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of respiratory distress syndrome in newborns?

    <p>Premature birth and insufficient surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common association with oesophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula?

    <p>VACTERL association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surgical management for oesophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula?

    <p>Surgical correction after birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

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