The Congress of Vienna and Nationalism

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Questions and Answers

Which event resulted in the establishment of the Second Republic of France in 1848?

The election of Louis Napoleon

The imposition of absolute monarchy

The declaration of war against Austria

The abdication of Charles X (correct)

What was a primary factor behind the revolutions of 1848?

Economic stability

Colonial expansion

Nationalism (correct)

Religious conflict

Who was the Prime Minister of Piedmont Sardinia spearheading the unification of Italy?

Camillo di Cavour (correct)

Victor Emmanuel II

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Charles X

What major military engagement reshaped France under Emil Napoleon III?

Franco-Prussian War Signup and view all the answers

What symbol did Giuseppe Garibaldi's followers wear during their campaign for unification?

Red shirts Signup and view all the answers

Which region of Italy remained under the Pope's control during the unification process until 1870?

Papal states Signup and view all the answers

What significant political structure was established in France after 1848?

Strong President and elected parliament Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the German Confederation formed by the Congress of Vienna, which power dominated it?

Austria Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason Bismarck pursued an alliance with Italy?

To isolate France due to Italy's poor relations with both France and the Austro-Hungarian empire. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Berlin Congress of 1878 for Bismarck's foreign policy?

The formation of the Dual Alliance with the Austro-Hungarian empire. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key feature of Bismarck's Re-insurance Treaty signed in 1887?

It sought to prevent a Russian alliance with France. Signup and view all the answers

How did Bismarck's alliances contribute to the geopolitical landscape of Europe?

They caused tension by dividing Europe into rival groups. Signup and view all the answers

Which alliance directly resulted from Bismarck's aim to isolate France?

Triple Alliance. Signup and view all the answers

What were the primary ideologies present in Europe during the 1800s?

Conservatism, Liberalism, Radicalism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes nationalism in the 1800s?

The idea that a person should be loyal to their nation Signup and view all the answers

What significant event marked Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire?

The battle of Navarino Signup and view all the answers

Which empires faced crises due to nationalism in the 1800s?

Habsburg Austria, Romanov Russia, Ottoman Turkey Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Treaty of Adrianople in 1829?

It recognized Greek independence Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of nationalism for the Austro-Hungarian Empire?

Proclamation of independence by Hungary Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the process implemented by Tsar Nicholas I in Russia?

Russification Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of liberalism in the 1800s?

Support for absolute monarchy Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary advantages that positioned Prussia to unify the German states?

Prussia had a large German population filled with nationalism. Signup and view all the answers

What was Otto Von Bismarck known for in the context of German unification?

His strategy of realpolitik. Signup and view all the answers

What phrase best describes Bismarck's approach to achieving German unification?

Blood and Iron. Signup and view all the answers

Which war was the first step in the unification process of Germany?

The war against Denmark. Signup and view all the answers

How did Bismarck provoke the Franco-Prussian War?

By altering a telegram from Wilhelm I to insult France. Signup and view all the answers

What title did Wilhelm I take after the unification of the German states?

Kaiser of the Second Reich. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Seven Weeks’ War?

Prussia established dominance over the North and West German states. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of Bismarck's foreign policy?

To isolate France and unify the German states. Signup and view all the answers

What declaration did Bismarck make about Germany after the Franco-Prussian War in 1871?

Germany was now a satisfied power. Signup and view all the answers

Why did Bismarck focus primarily on the army rather than building a navy?

He wanted to avoid alienating Britain. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key aspect of Bismarck's foreign policy toward France?

Forging alliances with other European powers to isolate France. Signup and view all the answers

Which two territories did Germany gain from France after the Franco-Prussian War?

Alsace and Lorraine. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Three Emperors League established by Bismarck?

To maintain peace among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. Signup and view all the answers

What led Bismarck to choose the Austro-Hungarian Empire over Russia in his alliances?

Britain's skepticism toward Russia. Signup and view all the answers

What significant event marked the conclusion of the existence of the Three Emperors League?

Russia's withdrawal from the League. Signup and view all the answers

How did Bismarck view Germany's role in Europe post-1871?

As a satisfied continental power. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Congress of Vienna and European Ideologies

The Congress of Vienna in 1815 aimed to restore the old monarchies to power in Europe.
Three major political ideologies clashed in Europe during the 1800s:
- Conservatives: Favored restoring the old monarchy with absolute power.
- Liberals: Supported moderate reforms and representation of the people in government.
- Radicals: Advocated for drastic reforms to empower the lower classes and give them a role in governance.

The Rise of Nationalism

Nationalism emerged as a powerful force in the 1800s, challenging loyalty to monarchs and empires.
A nation was defined as a group of people sharing a common language, culture, and history within a geographic area.
A nation-state was an independent entity with its own government.
Nationalism had two main effects:
- Unification: It brought together nations like Italy and Germany.
- Separation: It allowed groups to claim separate territories, like the Greeks in the 1800s.

The Impact of Nationalism on Existing Empires

The Austro-Hungarian, Romanov Russian, and Ottoman empires faced challenges due to nationalist movements within their diverse populations.
Hungary declared independence from Austria, leading to the formation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Russia implemented a Russification policy to impose a single culture, suppressing other ethnicities.

Greek Independence (1821)

Greece was among the first to achieve independence from Ottoman rule, fueled by nationalism.
Britain and France supported the Greek struggle.
The Ottoman Empire was defeated in the Battle of Navarino (1827).
The Treaty of Adrianople (1829) recognized Greek Independence.

Revolutions of 1848

Numerous revolutions across Europe in 1848, often spontaneous, were driven by nationalism and ideological clashes.
Despite initial gains, these revolutions were suppressed by 1849, and the old order was restored.

France in the 1800s

Louis XVIII ruled as a constitutional monarch after 1815.
Charles X succeeded him in 1824 but attempted to reinstate absolute monarchy, leading to his abdication in 1830.
Louis Philippe ruled until the 1848 revolution, which exposed weaknesses in the government and led to his overthrow.
The Second Republic of France was established in 1848, with an elected parliament and a strong president.
Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III), nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, won the presidential election in 1848, and declared himself Emperor in 1852.
Napoleon III modernized France with industrialization, railways, and road development.
He lost power following France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War in 1871.

Unification of Italy (1850s-1870s)

In 1848, Italy was divided under the control of various powers, with Austria holding a significant portion.
The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, led by King Victor Emmanuel II, was the most powerful.
Camillo di Cavour, Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, fueled by nationalism, aimed to unify Italy under Victor Emmanuel II.
With French help, Cavour started the process of unification in the 1850s, defeating Austria.
In 1866, Venetia was annexed from Austria.
Giuseppe Garibaldi and his 'Red Shirts' led the unification movement in southern Italy, eventually handing over the regions to Victor Emmanuel II.
The Papal States, under control of the Pope, were conquered in 1870, completing the unification.
Rome became the capital of unified Italy.

Unification of Germany (1860s - 1871)

After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, a German Confederation of 39 states was formed, dominated by Austria.
Prussia emerged as a potential unifier due to its large German population and strong army.
Wilhelm I became King of Prussia in 1861, and Otto von Bismarck became his Prime Minister in 1862.
Bismarck, a practitioner of Realpolitik, believed in achieving political goals through pragmatic means, including warfare.
The unification of Germany unfolded in three stages:
- War against Denmark (1864): Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark, seizing Schleswig and Holstein. Prussia retained Schleswig.
- Seven Weeks' War (1866): Prussia defeated Austria, gaining control of most of the North and West German states.
- Franco-Prussian War (1871): Bismarck provoked France into war, leading to Prussian victory and the unification of southern German states with Prussia.
Wilhelm I proclaimed himself Kaiser in the Palace of Versailles in January 1871, establishing the Second Reich.

Foreign Policy of Bismarck (1871 - 1890)

Bismarck embraced Realpolitik to achieve his goals.
His primary aims were to:
- Maintain Germany's power after unification (Satisfied Power): He declared Germany would not engage in further territorial expansion.
- Develop Germany's land power, not its naval strength: Bismarck focused on army development, not a navy, considering Germany a land power and avoiding antagonism with Britain.
- Isolate France: He aimed to weaken France's ability to reclaim Alsace and Lorraine, which Germany had acquired.
To isolate France, Bismarck forged alliances:
- With Austria-Hungary: To prevent Austria from allying with France.
- With Russia: He signed a treaty of friendship with Russia in 1881.
- Appeasement of Britain: He avoided a naval arms race with Britain to maintain good relations.

Treaties Forged by Bismarck

The Three Emperors' League (1873): Created an alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia, based on shared interests in isolating France. This alliance eventually dissolved as Russia's priorities shifted.
The Dual Alliance (1879): Formed between Germany and Austria-Hungary, after Bismarck's support of Austria-Hungary over Russia in the Balkans. It marked the end of the Three Emperors' League.
The Triple Alliance (1882): Added Italy to the Dual Alliance. Italy, alienated from France due to territorial disputes and from Austria-Hungary, was a valuable addition for securing alliances.
The Re-insurance Treaty (1887): Aimed to prevent war between Austria-Hungary and Russia and to further isolate France. It sought to maintain a balance of European power and prevent a major conflict.

Significance of Bismarck's Foreign Policy

Bismarck's alliances, while successful in isolating France, created a complex web of alliances that ultimately contributed to the outbreak of World War I.
Despite the underlying tensions and differences between the allied nations, Bismarck managed to bring them together under a common umbrella.
The Triple Alliance left Austria-Hungary vulnerable to both Russia and Italy, creating a fragile balance of power in Europe.
Bismarck's policy, while achieving short-term success, ultimately laid the groundwork for the fracturing of Europe and the outbreak of WWI.

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Explore the political ideologies that shaped Europe during the 1800s with a focus on the Congress of Vienna and the rise of nationalism. This quiz covers the conflict between conservatives, liberals, and radicals, as well as the impact of nationalism on nation-states and territorial claims. Test your knowledge on these pivotal historical events and ideas.