The Community and Its Characteristics

Session 3: The Community and Its Characteristics

• The session is presented by teacher Garcia Llamas Jhonatan Steve.
• In a community interests, rules, and objectives are shared.

Structure of the Community

• Economic: Depends on the capacity to obtain primary goods from the environment for survival.
• Morphological: Relates structures, groupings, and neighboring communities, creating gradual integration.
• Juridical-Political: Institutions where individuals acquire or exercise the distribution of power and authority within social structures.
• Ideological: Institutions where individuals organize and supervise the collective worship of God or deities.
• Social: Social conduct is conditioned by the inclusion of other people's actions.
• Cultural: Present in all humans, including conduct norms and ways to satisfy their needs and those of the group.

Structural Components of the Community

• Material Infrastructure: Housing and Equipment, Basic Services.
• Social Structure: Social Stratification, Internal and External Organizational Structure.
• Sociodemographic Structure.
• Psychosocial Aspects and Collective Mentality.

Characteristics and Social Problems Of Health

• The health situation in Peru has significant structural problems of long standing that pose challenges for the health sector.
• There are health facilities in rural and peri-urban areas that lack the resources to adequately care for the poorest population, who are more likely to get sick and die due to lack of access to health services, as is the case in Sechura.

Problematic Situation of Health In Peru

• Health indicators in Peru vary substantially depending on geographical location, economic status, urbanization levels, or ethnic-cultural group affiliation.
• Circulatory system diseases are second main cause of death.

Health Inequality In Peru

• The principle of equality seeks to reverse the trend of widening the gap between the poor and rich sectors of society.
• To address the key factors of health, strategies will continuously adapt to the social and cultural reality, ensuring the elimination of health inequalities.

Preventative Health

• Preventative health consists of the measures taken to prevent diseases that could become complicated over time.
• In Peru, preventative health covers areas such as work accidents, first aid kits, special campaigns, quality in health and patient safety, declaration of alerts in emergency and disaster situations, and the Comprehensive Health Care Model (MAIS).

Health Situation

• Peru has experienced significant economic development, however inequalities persist in different sectors of society, generating injustices and inequities. It is estimated that nearly 30% of the population does not have access to drinking water.

Health Politics

• Health policies provide the frame for individuals in a country to function through their organizations, businesses, communities, and activities.
• The Ministry of Health and public and private entities and agencies establish health policy guidelines to achieve results in the short, medium, and long term, and to satisfy social needs.

Lifestyle and Behavioral Approach

• Its essence is based on preventing disease and disability in people by working on lifestyle factors. Risk factors include: consuming a diet high in fat, unprotected practices, and toxic habits such as smoking, alcohol, or drugs.
• To achieve this goal, key strategies include the education on health to influence lifestyle changes.

WHO Approach

• WHO is the directing and coordinating authority on international health in the United Nations system.
• The responsible for providing leadership on global health issues, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries, and monitoring and assessing health trends.
• In the 21st century, health is a shared responsibility, requiring fair access to health care and collective protection against transnational threats.

MINSA Approach

• Strategic sector planning and management of health.
• Establishment of short, medium, and long-term goals, objectives, and strategies.
• Organization of the National Coordinated and Decentralized Health Sector and System.
• Establishment of rules and organizational models.
• Development and integration of sectoral information systems and processes to integrate information flows from organizational processes and systems, and timely and reliable information provision.

Alternatives For A Healthy Solution

• How to help oneself and others reach their full potential.
• Degree to which one is capable of controlling and combating stress.
• Be flexible.
• Commitment to resolve conflicts.

Health Situation In Peru

• According to a study by Contribuyentes por Respeto, Peru is among the countries that invest the least in health and do it poorly, and where residents have more out-of-pocket expenses.
• Unions are asking the Government to set goals and allocate more budget.
• The current crisis in the health sector is not new for Peruvians.
• Hospitals often described as understaffed and lacking basic services like potable water, furthermore they are overcrowded and lack equipment to handle emergencies. They do not have sufficient beds and have individuals sleeping in stairwells

High Out-Of-Pocket Expenses By Citizens

• Juan José García, principal researcher at Contribuyentes por Respeto, noted that Peru is also among the countries that allocate the fewest resources to people's health.
• Out-of-pocket expenses average US$207, much more than Colombia (US$29), Chile (US$62) or the United States (US$55), despite being a significantly poorer country.
• Government allocates US$656 per person where Chile invests US$1,749, other countries such as Brazil spend US$1,300 and The United States US$9,000.
• Greater spending per person does not necessarily mean better service, both factors are however closely related.
• When analyzing the composition of Peruvian per capita spending on health, the study reveals that 61% of that spending is from public sources and 39% is private.
• "Peruvians are among those who allocate the most resources to out-of-pocket expenses for health, either for the purchase of medicines that are not given to them in their insurance or for examinations that they cannot access due to lack of equipment.

Efficiency of The Health System

• Peru has the higher number of administrative workers that direct doctors.
• Peru has 1 bed, Spain 32 Beds.
• Peru has about 3 administrative workers per doctor.

Complaints and Claims

• There is a movement that demands better the healthcare system.

Proposed Plan

• The Ministry of Health presented the Health Pact, a proposal by Minister Abel Salinas (2018) to improve services and patient care.
• The pact has three key intervention areas: work to prevent prevalent diseases; improve the management of human resources in health; and improve health systems and quality of services.

Medical Stats

• There are 67,657 doctors in the country, according to the 2015 records of the Medical Association of Peru and the INE.
• There is a deficit of 16,630 medical specialists in Peru.
• 54% of all doctors are Lima based.

Emergency In Hospitals

• 67.7% do not have sufficient rooms to meet the demand.
• 44.6% do not have sufficient medical equipment
• 56.9% do not have the echocardiography service operating 24 hours a day.
• 30% do not have all the prescription medicines in the pharmacy.

Health Statistics

• Every 5 hours a woman dies from cervical cancer.
• 1 in 3 are infected with tuberculosis.
• 2 in 5 are overweight.
• 1 in 5 are obese.
• 1 in 10 have diabetes.
• 1 in 5 have high blood pressure.
• 1 of 2 aged between 6-15 months are anemic.
• 1 of 3 pregnant women anemic.
• 1 of 100 pregnant women have syphilis.
• 1 in 10 have chronic kidney disease.

Health In the XXI Century

• Epidemiological transition.
• Humanitarian Crisis.
• Interconnected world.
• Social pressure.
• Demographic Shifts.
• Climate change.
• Mental Health.
• Technology pressure.

Proposal for Health Sector Transformation

• Efficient management of the health system.
• Coverage and quality of health services.
• Revaluation of health personnel.
• Modern and interconnected health infrastructure.