6.3

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Questions and Answers

What happens when a person receives blood from a donor with a different blood type?

The donor's blood becomes incompatible

The recipient's blood type changes

Agglutination occurs (correct)

The immune system strengthens

Individuals with blood type O will show clumping in both Anti-A and Anti-B fields.

False

What is the significance of the Rhesus factor in blood types?

It determines if blood is Rhesus positive (Rh+) or Rhesus negative (Rh-) based on the presence of Antigen D.

O negative individuals are known as the ______ donors.

universal Signup and view all the answers

Match the following blood types to their corresponding clumping reactions:

Type A = Clumps in Anti-A field Type B = Clumps in Anti-B field Type AB = Clumps in both Anti-A and Anti-B fields Type O = No clumps appear Signup and view all the answers

What substance is released by platelets and damaged cells during the blood clotting process?

Thromboplastin Signup and view all the answers

Blood type O cells contain both A and B antigens on their surface.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fibrin in the blood clotting process?

To form a sticky mesh-like network that helps trap blood cells and platelets. Signup and view all the answers

The process of breaking down a fibrin clot is called ____.

fibrinolysis Signup and view all the answers

Match the blood types with their corresponding plasma antibodies.

Type A = Antibody B Type B = Antibody A Type AB = No antibodies Type O = Antibodies A and B Signup and view all the answers

Which component converts prothrombin into thrombin during the coagulation cascade?

Thromboplastin Signup and view all the answers

Agglutination is a process that occurs when antibodies bind to antigens in blood typing.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of leukocytes?

Fight against infection Signup and view all the answers

Thrombocytes are involved in the immune response of the body.

False Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by a lack of iron?

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

The average ratio of white blood cells to red blood cells is _____ to 1.

700 Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of white blood cells with their functions:

Neutrophils = Kill bacteria and fungi Lymphocytes = Protect against viral infections Eosinophils = Identify parasites and cancer cells Monocytes = Clean up damaged cells Signup and view all the answers

All thrombocytes are identical in shape and size.

False Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is released by platelets to initiate the clotting process?

The specific enzyme is not mentioned, but it refers to various clotting factors. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Circulatory System: Blood

Blood is a specialized body fluid in circulatory systems, delivering oxygen and nutrients, and removing carbon dioxide and wastes.
Blood is primarily water with dissolved substances, proteins, and other components for efficient transport.
Blood is composed of two main parts:
- Plasma (55%):
  - Primarily water (90%)
  - Plasma proteins, hormones, nutrients, dissolved gases, salts, and waste products.
- Formed elements (45%):
  - Buffy coat (white blood cells and platelets)
  - Hematocrit (red blood cells)

Blood Cells

Three main types:
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells):
  - Live about 120 days.
  - Produced in red bone marrow (e.g., skull, ribs, vertebrae, long bones).
  - Biconcave shape, no nucleus.
  - Contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  - Approximately 200,000,000 hemoglobin molecules per red blood cell.
  - Anemia results from iron deficiency.
- Leukocytes (white blood cells):
  - Larger than red blood cells.
  - Produced in bone marrow and lymphatic system (e.g., thymus).
  - Have nuclei, no defined shape.
  - Outnumber red blood cells 700:1.
  - Function in fighting infection as part of the immune system.
  - Different types (neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes) with varied functions. Phagocytic—digest invaders.
- Thrombocytes (platelets):
  - Small fragments of cells.
  - Produced in bone marrow.
  - Essential for blood clotting.
  - Release enzymes to promote blood clotting, without them uncontrolled bleeding occurs.
  - Hemophilia is a clotting disorder.
Blood clotting cascade:
- Platelets clump at damaged sites.
- Thromboplastin activates a cascade of reactions.
- Prothrombin converts to thrombin.
- Thrombin activates fibrinogen to form fibrin (a clot).
- Plasmin dissolves the clot after healing (fibrinolysis).

Blood Types

Blood types are categorized by antigens on red blood cells and antibodies in the plasma.
Four main blood types: A, B, AB, and O.
Antigens (A or B) are present on the cell surface in different combinations.
Antibodies (anti-A, anti-B) are present in the plasma, reacting with matching antigens.
Blood transfusions must match blood types to avoid agglutination (clumping).
Universal donor is O negative, universal recipient is AB positive.

Rhesus Factor

An additional antigen (Rh factor, Antigen D) on red blood cells.
Rh+ individuals have the antigen, Rh- individuals lack it.
Mismatched Rh factor during pregnancy can cause complications in subsequent pregnancies.
Prenatal testing and medication (RhoGAM) can prevent problems.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential components of the circulatory system, focusing specifically on blood. Learn about the composition of blood, the roles of plasma and formed elements, and the function of different blood cells like erythrocytes. Test your knowledge about how blood transports vital substances throughout the body.