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Questions and Answers
What happens when a person receives blood from a donor with a different blood type?
What happens when a person receives blood from a donor with a different blood type?
- The donor's blood becomes incompatible
- The recipient's blood type changes
- Agglutination occurs (correct)
- The immune system strengthens
Individuals with blood type O will show clumping in both Anti-A and Anti-B fields.
Individuals with blood type O will show clumping in both Anti-A and Anti-B fields.
False (B)
What is the significance of the Rhesus factor in blood types?
What is the significance of the Rhesus factor in blood types?
It determines if blood is Rhesus positive (Rh+) or Rhesus negative (Rh-) based on the presence of Antigen D.
O negative individuals are known as the ______ donors.
O negative individuals are known as the ______ donors.
Match the following blood types to their corresponding clumping reactions:
Match the following blood types to their corresponding clumping reactions:
What substance is released by platelets and damaged cells during the blood clotting process?
What substance is released by platelets and damaged cells during the blood clotting process?
Blood type O cells contain both A and B antigens on their surface.
Blood type O cells contain both A and B antigens on their surface.
What is the role of fibrin in the blood clotting process?
What is the role of fibrin in the blood clotting process?
The process of breaking down a fibrin clot is called ____.
The process of breaking down a fibrin clot is called ____.
Match the blood types with their corresponding plasma antibodies.
Match the blood types with their corresponding plasma antibodies.
Which component converts prothrombin into thrombin during the coagulation cascade?
Which component converts prothrombin into thrombin during the coagulation cascade?
Agglutination is a process that occurs when antibodies bind to antigens in blood typing.
Agglutination is a process that occurs when antibodies bind to antigens in blood typing.
What is the primary function of leukocytes?
What is the primary function of leukocytes?
Thrombocytes are involved in the immune response of the body.
Thrombocytes are involved in the immune response of the body.
What condition is characterized by a lack of iron?
What condition is characterized by a lack of iron?
The average ratio of white blood cells to red blood cells is _____ to 1.
The average ratio of white blood cells to red blood cells is _____ to 1.
Match the types of white blood cells with their functions:
Match the types of white blood cells with their functions:
All thrombocytes are identical in shape and size.
All thrombocytes are identical in shape and size.
What enzyme is released by platelets to initiate the clotting process?
What enzyme is released by platelets to initiate the clotting process?
Flashcards
Blood type clumping
Blood type clumping
Blood type clumping occurs when antibodies in the blood react with antigens on red blood cells, causing them to clump together.
Blood type O
Blood type O
Blood type O has no A or B antigens on its red blood cells, making it a universal donor.
Rhesus factor
Rhesus factor
Rhesus factor is a specific antigen (protein) on red blood cells.
Rh+
Rh+
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Rh- pregnancy complication
Rh- pregnancy complication
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Blood Clotting
Blood Clotting
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Platelets
Platelets
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Thromboplastin
Thromboplastin
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Prothrombin
Prothrombin
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Thrombin
Thrombin
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Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen
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Fibrin
Fibrin
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Fibrinolysis
Fibrinolysis
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Hemoglobin's role
Hemoglobin's role
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Red blood cell count
Red blood cell count
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Anemia
Anemia
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Red blood cells' function
Red blood cells' function
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Leukocytes and their function
Leukocytes and their function
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Types of leukocytes
Types of leukocytes
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Platelet function
Platelet function
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Hemophilia
Hemophilia
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Study Notes
The Circulatory System: Blood
- Blood is a specialized body fluid in circulatory systems, delivering oxygen and nutrients, and removing carbon dioxide and wastes.
- Blood is primarily water with dissolved substances, proteins, and other components for efficient transport.
- Blood is composed of two main parts:
- Plasma (55%):
- Primarily water (90%)
- Plasma proteins, hormones, nutrients, dissolved gases, salts, and waste products.
- Formed elements (45%):
- Buffy coat (white blood cells and platelets)
- Hematocrit (red blood cells)
- Plasma (55%):
Blood Cells
- Three main types:
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells):
- Live about 120 days.
- Produced in red bone marrow (e.g., skull, ribs, vertebrae, long bones).
- Biconcave shape, no nucleus.
- Contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Approximately 200,000,000 hemoglobin molecules per red blood cell.
- Anemia results from iron deficiency.
- Leukocytes (white blood cells):
- Larger than red blood cells.
- Produced in bone marrow and lymphatic system (e.g., thymus).
- Have nuclei, no defined shape.
- Outnumber red blood cells 700:1.
- Function in fighting infection as part of the immune system.
- Different types (neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes) with varied functions. Phagocytic—digest invaders.
- Thrombocytes (platelets):
- Small fragments of cells.
- Produced in bone marrow.
- Essential for blood clotting.
- Release enzymes to promote blood clotting, without them uncontrolled bleeding occurs.
- Hemophilia is a clotting disorder.
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells):
- Blood clotting cascade:
- Platelets clump at damaged sites.
- Thromboplastin activates a cascade of reactions.
- Prothrombin converts to thrombin.
- Thrombin activates fibrinogen to form fibrin (a clot).
- Plasmin dissolves the clot after healing (fibrinolysis).
Blood Types
- Blood types are categorized by antigens on red blood cells and antibodies in the plasma.
- Four main blood types: A, B, AB, and O.
- Antigens (A or B) are present on the cell surface in different combinations.
- Antibodies (anti-A, anti-B) are present in the plasma, reacting with matching antigens.
- Blood transfusions must match blood types to avoid agglutination (clumping).
- Universal donor is O negative, universal recipient is AB positive.
Rhesus Factor
- An additional antigen (Rh factor, Antigen D) on red blood cells.
- Rh+ individuals have the antigen, Rh- individuals lack it.
- Mismatched Rh factor during pregnancy can cause complications in subsequent pregnancies.
- Prenatal testing and medication (RhoGAM) can prevent problems.
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