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Questions and Answers
What are the primary elements that most living things are made up of?
What are the primary elements that most living things are made up of?
What is the almost infinite set of carbon structures that can be formed due to the ability of a carbon atom to covalently bind with up to four other atoms?
What is the almost infinite set of carbon structures that can be formed due to the ability of a carbon atom to covalently bind with up to four other atoms?
What are the building blocks of macromolecules called?
What are the building blocks of macromolecules called?
What type of bonds form between atoms in three common ways?
What type of bonds form between atoms in three common ways?
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What is the name for the chemical unit formed from two or more atoms?
What is the name for the chemical unit formed from two or more atoms?
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What is the term for a molecule that contains different kinds of atoms?
What is the term for a molecule that contains different kinds of atoms?
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What is the process by which monomers form larger molecules through condensation reactions?
What is the process by which monomers form larger molecules through condensation reactions?
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What are the primary elements found in humans in addition to oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen?
What are the primary elements found in humans in addition to oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen?
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What increases the solubility and reactivity of organic molecules in water?
What increases the solubility and reactivity of organic molecules in water?
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What are organic compounds primarily composed of?
What are organic compounds primarily composed of?
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What is the term for molecules that contain carbon and are essential to biological systems?
What is the term for molecules that contain carbon and are essential to biological systems?
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What is formed when monomers join together to form larger molecules?
What is formed when monomers join together to form larger molecules?
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Which type of organic compound is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a ratio of 1:2:1?
Which type of organic compound is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a ratio of 1:2:1?
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What is the energy storage form of polysaccharides found in muscle and liver tissues?
What is the energy storage form of polysaccharides found in muscle and liver tissues?
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In aqueous solutions, in what form do monosaccharides primarily exist?
In aqueous solutions, in what form do monosaccharides primarily exist?
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Which type of lipid is not soluble in water?
Which type of lipid is not soluble in water?
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What type of fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature?
What type of fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature?
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What is the key component and 'backbone' of fats?
What is the key component and 'backbone' of fats?
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Which type of fatty acids have at least one double bond between adjacent carbons in their chains?
Which type of fatty acids have at least one double bond between adjacent carbons in their chains?
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What is the integral part of cell membranes allowing for flexibility and growth?
What is the integral part of cell membranes allowing for flexibility and growth?
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What type of fats consist largely of triglycerides?
What type of fats consist largely of triglycerides?
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Which type of fats tend to exist as solids at room temperature?
Which type of fats tend to exist as solids at room temperature?
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What unique structure allows phospholipids to form bilayers when placed in water?
What unique structure allows phospholipids to form bilayers when placed in water?
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Which type of lipid is important to the reproductive systems and includes estrogen and testosterone?
Which type of lipid is important to the reproductive systems and includes estrogen and testosterone?
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What is the primary function of proteins?
What is the primary function of proteins?
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What is the composition of an amino acid?
What is the composition of an amino acid?
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What determines the activity of an amino acid?
What determines the activity of an amino acid?
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What type of bond forms between amino acids?
What type of bond forms between amino acids?
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What is the resulting compound when two amino acids are joined by a peptide bond?
What is the resulting compound when two amino acids are joined by a peptide bond?
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What is the primary structure of polypeptides?
What is the primary structure of polypeptides?
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What must polypeptides do to function as proteins?
What must polypeptides do to function as proteins?
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What is the quaternary structure of proteins?
What is the quaternary structure of proteins?
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In what environment do quaternary protein structures form?
In what environment do quaternary protein structures form?
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What is an example of a protein with quaternary structure?
What is an example of a protein with quaternary structure?
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What type of proteins are usually water-soluble and round in shape?
What type of proteins are usually water-soluble and round in shape?
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What determines the final shape of a protein?
What determines the final shape of a protein?
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What is the term for the loss of a protein's native structure, rendering it biologically inactive?
What is the term for the loss of a protein's native structure, rendering it biologically inactive?
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What serves as a messenger molecule both inside and outside the nucleus?
What serves as a messenger molecule both inside and outside the nucleus?
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What are the bases of RNA?
What are the bases of RNA?
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What is the term for the nitrogenous bases in DNA forming hydrogen bonds in a complementary fashion?
What is the term for the nitrogenous bases in DNA forming hydrogen bonds in a complementary fashion?
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What enzyme synthesizes a short RNA segment called a primer complementary to a ssDNA template?
What enzyme synthesizes a short RNA segment called a primer complementary to a ssDNA template?
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What is the first level of DNA packaging in eukaryotes around proteins called?
What is the first level of DNA packaging in eukaryotes around proteins called?
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What is the most common storage system that powers all cellular activity?
What is the most common storage system that powers all cellular activity?
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What type of energy storage uses a high-energy system that is reversible and instantly available?
What type of energy storage uses a high-energy system that is reversible and instantly available?
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What is the term for the process by which monomers form larger molecules through condensation reactions?
What is the term for the process by which monomers form larger molecules through condensation reactions?
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What enzyme can link together two DNA strands that have double-strand breaks?
What enzyme can link together two DNA strands that have double-strand breaks?
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What is the final shape of a protein?
What is the final shape of a protein?
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Which of the following is a factor causing protein denaturation?
Which of the following is a factor causing protein denaturation?
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What is the primary function of enzymes?
What is the primary function of enzymes?
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What is the composition of nucleic acids?
What is the composition of nucleic acids?
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What is the structure of DNA?
What is the structure of DNA?
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What is the process of DNA replication?
What is the process of DNA replication?
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Which enzyme is involved in unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?
Which enzyme is involved in unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?
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What is the first level of DNA packaging in eukaryotes?
What is the first level of DNA packaging in eukaryotes?
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What provides energy for cellular activity?
What provides energy for cellular activity?
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What is the primary structure of nucleic acids?
What is the primary structure of nucleic acids?
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What is the name for the proteins involved in the first level of DNA packaging in eukaryotes?
What is the name for the proteins involved in the first level of DNA packaging in eukaryotes?
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What is the function of ATP in cellular processes?
What is the function of ATP in cellular processes?
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Study Notes
Protein Structure and Function, Nucleic Acids, DNA and RNA Structure, and DNA Replication
- Protein shape and function are determined by the folding and interacting of adjacent amino acids within a polypeptide
- The final shape of a protein is either globular or fibrous, with each type having distinct properties
- Environmental factors such as pH, salt concentration, and temperature can cause protein denaturation, leading to loss of function
- Enzymes serve as catalysts for biochemical reactions, facilitating specific chemical reactions without being altered themselves
- Nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, store and process an organism's hereditary information
- Nucleic acids are composed of units called nucleotides, each consisting of a base, sugar, and phosphate group
- DNA is a double helix with complementary base pairing (A with T, and C with G) following Chargaff's rule
- DNA replication is semiconservative, with each daughter double helix consisting of an original DNA strand and a new complementary DNA strand
- DNA replication proceeds bidirectionally, with leading and lagging strands synthesized continuously and discontinuously, respectively
- Enzymes involved in DNA replication include helicase, topoisomerase, DNA primase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, and single-strand binding (SSB) protein
- The first level of DNA packaging in eukaryotes involves proteins called histones, with each core histone and its associated DNA forming a nucleosome
- Energy for cellular activity is provided by high-energy compounds such as ATP, which powers various cellular processes from protein formation to muscle contraction
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Description
Test your knowledge of the fundamental role of chemistry in our universe and in the biology of life with this quiz. Explore the unique chemistry of living things and how chemicals shape our daily activities, from cooking to cleaning.
