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Questions and Answers
If a strand of DNA has the sequence 5'-CGTAG-3', what would be the corresponding sequence on the mRNA molecule produced during transcription?
If a strand of DNA has the sequence 5'-CGTAG-3', what would be the corresponding sequence on the mRNA molecule produced during transcription?
- 3'-GCAUC-5'
- 5'-GCAUC-3' (correct)
- 3'-CGTAG-5'
- 5'-GCATC-3'
Which of these molecular biologists is most known for her work on X-ray diffraction images of DNA, which proved crucial in determining its structure?
Which of these molecular biologists is most known for her work on X-ray diffraction images of DNA, which proved crucial in determining its structure?
- Rosalind Franklin (correct)
- James Watson
- Francis Crick
- Maurice Wilkins
In what cellular component does the translation process occur during protein synthesis?
In what cellular component does the translation process occur during protein synthesis?
- Golgi apparatus
- Nucleus
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Ribosome (correct)
What is the primary function of mRNA in protein synthesis?
What is the primary function of mRNA in protein synthesis?
A scientist is studying a new virus and observes that its genetic material contains uracil. Which of the following can the scientist conclude about the virus's genetic material?
A scientist is studying a new virus and observes that its genetic material contains uracil. Which of the following can the scientist conclude about the virus's genetic material?
Which of the following represents the correct order of steps in DNA replication?
Which of the following represents the correct order of steps in DNA replication?
In genetic engineering, what is a potential risk associated with decreased genetic diversity in crops?
In genetic engineering, what is a potential risk associated with decreased genetic diversity in crops?
A researcher is trying to create a clone of a prize-winning racehorse. Which of the following steps is essential for this process?
A researcher is trying to create a clone of a prize-winning racehorse. Which of the following steps is essential for this process?
If a DNA sequence is altered during genetic engineering to enhance a specific trait, which of the following outcomes is least likely?
If a DNA sequence is altered during genetic engineering to enhance a specific trait, which of the following outcomes is least likely?
A scientist is studying a mutation in a gene that codes for an enzyme. The mutation results in a non-functional enzyme. Which of the following is the most likely direct effect of this mutation on protein synthesis?
A scientist is studying a mutation in a gene that codes for an enzyme. The mutation results in a non-functional enzyme. Which of the following is the most likely direct effect of this mutation on protein synthesis?
Flashcards
DNA
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid, the molecule storing genetic information.
Nucleotide components
Nucleotide components
Sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
DNA function
DNA function
Stores genetic information and guides protein synthesis.
DNA replication steps
DNA replication steps
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Base pairing rules
Base pairing rules
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DNA vs. RNA
DNA vs. RNA
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mRNA job
mRNA job
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Selective breeding
Selective breeding
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Cloning steps
Cloning steps
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GMO Benefits
GMO Benefits
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Study Notes
DNA Basics
- DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid.
- Nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA, consist of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- DNA's sugar is deoxyribose.
- DNA stores genetic information and guides protein synthesis.
- DNA replicates through the following steps:
- Helicase unzips the DNA molecule.
- DNA polymerase adds complementary bases.
- Two identical DNA molecules are formed.
- Rosalind Franklin created X-ray diffraction images of DNA.
- James Watson and Francis Crick discovered DNA's double-helix structure.
- Base pairing rules: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T); Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).
- A unique DNA sequence allows for reliable identification through DNA fingerprinting.
- DNA has a double helix shape.
- Helicase is the enzyme that separates or "unzips" DNA strands.
RNA and Protein Synthesis
- DNA and RNA differ in these ways:
- DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose.
- DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded.
- DNA includes thymine, but RNA has uracil.
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic instructions to the ribosome.
- Transcription occurs in the nucleus.
- Translation occurs in the ribosome.
- A codon consists of a sequence of three bases.
- Each codon corresponds to one amino acid.
- During transcription, mRNA is created from a DNA template.
- For example, DNA sequence TACATTCAGTCA becomes mRNA sequence AUGUAAGUCAGU, coding for the amino acid sequence Met-Lys-Ser-Val.
Genetic Engineering
- Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can lead to higher crop yield and pest resistance.
- Potential risks of GMOs include allergies and reduced genetic diversity.
- Selective breeding involves breeding organisms for specific traits, such as in dog breeding.
- A downside of inbreeding is the increased risk of genetic disorders.
- A mule, the offspring of a horse and a donkey, is an example of a hybrid.
- Cloning involves these key steps:
- Remove the nucleus from an egg cell.
- Insert the nucleus from a donor cell.
- Implant the egg cell into a surrogate.
- The resulting clone will be genetically identical to the donor.
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