Biochem 1: The Chemistry of Life

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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Saturated fatty acids have double bonds, unsaturated don't

Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds, saturated don't (correct)

Both saturated fatty acids and unsaturated have a double bond

Neither saturated and unsaturated fatty acids don't have double bonds

How many protons are there in the nucleus of a carbon atom?

6 (correct)

How many electrons can the first shell of an atom hold?

2 (correct)

How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?

4 Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons are in the outer shell of a hydrogen atom?

1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of covalent bonds that can be formed with oxygen?

2 Signup and view all the answers

How many covalent bonds can sulfur form?

6 Signup and view all the answers

How many covalent bonds can nitrogen form?

3 Signup and view all the answers

A monosaccharide forming a cyclic 5-atom ring structure is called a:

Furanose Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of carbon?

6 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of monosaccharide has a ketone group and a generic name of ketohexose?

Ketose Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for a fatty acid?

CH3(CH2)nCOOH Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is found at the end of a fatty acid?

Carboxyl group Signup and view all the answers

What is the general structure of an amino acid?

R group varies Signup and view all the answers

Fatty acids can attach to a glycerol backbone via ester linkages to form a:

Triglyceride Signup and view all the answers

What bonds do amino acids form when they come together?

Peptide bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the general base of a nucleotide?

Nitrogenous base Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nucleic acid is formed by nucleotides bonding together via a phosphodiester bond?

Both DNA and RNA Signup and view all the answers

Which functional groups can be found in monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides?

Hydroxyl group and carboxyl group Signup and view all the answers

Which biomolecule can form disaccharides or polysaccharides by forming glycosidic bonds?

Monosaccharides Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond involves sharing of outer shell electrons?

Covalent bonds Signup and view all the answers

What determines if a covalent bond is polar or non-polar?

The electronegativities of the atoms forming the bond Signup and view all the answers

Which atom in a covalent bond attracts more electrons if the electronegativity difference is > 0.5?

The atom with the higher electronegativity Signup and view all the answers

In a covalent bond between hydrogen and oxygen, which part of the water molecule will be more negative?

The oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds are formed between a (+)δ H and a (-)δ O (or N or S) on neighboring molecules?

Hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

What type of non-covalent bonds are transient electrostatic interactions between permanent or induced dipoles?

Van Der Waals forces Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond occurs between two polar molecules and is the strongest type of Van Der Waals force?

Dipole-dipole interaction Signup and view all the answers

What type of non-covalent bonds exclude nonpolar substances from water?

Hydrophobic interactions Signup and view all the answers

What type of non-covalent bonds are attractions between oppositely charged molecules?

Ionic interactions Signup and view all the answers

What functional group can be added to or removed from enzymes to turn them on or off?

Phosphoryl group Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of nucleotides?

Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is the amino group?

NH2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules are produced during beta oxidation and can feed into the production of ATP?

Acetyl CoA, NADH, FADH2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules can not be part of both anabolic and catabolic reactions?

Triglycerides Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lists of reactions includes ONLY catabolic reactions?

Glycolysis, beta oxidation, lipolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a part of the matrix of connective tissue?

All of the options are components of the matrix Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered, "Connective tissue proper"?

dense connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following type of epithelium is most suited to providing mechanical protection (i.e. from abrasion, trauma)?

stratified squamous Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fatty Acids

Saturated fatty acids contain no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.
General formula for a fatty acid is RCOOH, where R is a hydrocarbon chain.
Fatty acids attach to a glycerol backbone through ester linkages to form lipids.

Atomic Structure

Carbon atom has 6 protons in its nucleus.
The first shell of an atom can hold up to 2 electrons.
Oxygen can form a maximum of 2 covalent bonds, while sulfur can form 2 as well.
Nitrogen can form 3 covalent bonds.

Monosaccharides

A monosaccharide that forms a cyclic 5-atom ring structure is called a furanose.
Monosaccharides with a ketone group are known as ketohexoses.
Functional groups found in monosaccharides include hydroxyl (–OH) and carbonyl (C=O).

Amino Acids and Nucleotides

General structure of an amino acid consists of a central carbon, an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a variable R group.
Amino acids form peptide bonds when linked together.
The general base of a nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides bond together via phosphodiester bonds to form nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA.

Types of Bonds

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of outer shell electrons, and their polarity is determined by the difference in electronegativity between bonded atoms.
In a covalent bond, the atom with greater electronegativity attracts more electrons if the electronegativity difference is greater than 0.5.
In water, oxygen carries a partial negative charge (–δ) due to its higher electronegativity compared to hydrogen.

Non-Covalent Bonds

Hydrogen bonds form between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur in neighboring molecules.
Van der Waals forces are the strongest type of non-covalent interactions between two polar molecules.
Hydrophobic interactions occur when nonpolar substances are excluded from water.

Miscellaneous

Three components of nucleotides are a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
The amino group (–NH2) functions as the amino group in amino acids.
Enzymes can be regulated through the addition or removal of functional groups.
Catabolic reactions typically involve the breakdown of molecules to release energy, whereas anabolic reactions build molecules up.
Connective tissue proper includes loose and dense connective tissues.
Epithelium most suited for mechanical protection from abrasion includes stratified squamous epithelium.

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Test your knowledge on the chemistry of life and biomolecules with this quiz. Explore the importance of biomolecules in sustaining life and learn about different examples such as DNA, polysaccharides, amino acids, glucose, and enzymes.