Clinical Chemistry 1: Fatty Acids and Cholesterol
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Questions and Answers

What is the desirable adult cholesterol level?

  • 4.2 mmol/L
  • 5.2 mmol/L (correct)
  • 6.2 mmol/L
  • 7.2 mmol/L

    • What is the classification of a triglyceride level of 300 mg/dL?

  • High (correct)
  • Mild
  • Extremely high
  • Very high

    • What is the preferred sample for lipid determination?

  • Heparinized plasma
  • Whole blood
  • Serum (correct)
  • EDTA plasma

    • What is the sensitivity of the cholesterol method?

    <p>0.05 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hypertriglyceridemia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of a cholesterol level of 300 mg/dL?

    <p>Borderline risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lipoprotein that is formed in the liver and carries endogenous triglycerides?

    <p>VLDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lipoprotein that is the major cholesterol carrier?

    <p>LDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid contains 12 carbon atoms?

    <p>Lauric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acid lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Polyunsaturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol?

    <p>HMG-CoA reductase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the major protein of HDL?

    <p>Apo A-I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipoprotein are the major carriers of endogenous triglycerides?

    <p>VLDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specimen is most often used to determine total proteins?

    <p>Serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can increase the test result of total protein determination?

    <p>Lipemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On which assumption is the Kjedahl method of protein determination done?

    <p>On average of 6% nitrogen mass used to calculate protein concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concentration of the standard used for the BUN sample?

    <p>20 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the absorbance of the test in the BUA analysis?

    <p>0.46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the absorbance of the standard in the creatinine analysis?

    <p>0.19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concentration of the standard used in the glucose analysis?

    <p>100 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interval between the two readings in the BUN sample analysis?

    <p>1 minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which actions are associated with the hormone insulin?

    <p>Increases glycolysis and glycogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of hyperglycemia?

    <p>Increased urine specific gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the absorbance of the test in the glucose analysis?

    <p>187</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of Type I diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Presence of autoantibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result that indicates impaired glucose tolerance?

    <p>2 hr OGTT ≥ 120 mg/dL but ≤ 200 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the criteria used to diagnose diabetes mellitus?

    <p>2-hr OGTT ≥ 200 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about blood glucose measurement?

    <p>Sample can be serum, plasma or whole blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Von-Gierke disease?

    <p>Failed hepatic glycogenolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you compute for the serum triglyceride of an adult patient?

    <p>Divide the absorbance of the sample by the absorbance of the standard calibrator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the best time to collect a sample for fasting blood glucose?

    <p>Morning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is most specific for β-D-glucose in blood glucose determination?

    <p>Hexokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you interpret the cholesterol result after determining the correct level of total cholesterol?

    <p>It provides information about the lipid profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glucose method is prone to falsely low results due to uric acid?

    <p>Hexokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is used as the coupling enzyme in the Hexokinase method of glucose determination?

    <p>Peroxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is currently considered the best for measuring blood glucose?

    <p>Glucose oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of mutarotase in blood glucose measurement?

    <p>To convert α to β-D-glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patients are more prone to developing hyperosmolar, ketotic states?

    <p>Patients with type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Clinical Chemistry 1

    Quiz 4

    • Fatty acids:
      • Fatty acid with 12 carbon atoms is a medium-chain fatty acid
      • Unsaturated fatty acids lower the risk of cardiovascular disease
    • Cholesterol biosynthesis:
      • HMG-CoA reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme
    • Lipoproteins:
      • HDL is the major protein of HDL
      • Apo A-I is exclusively found in chylomicrons
      • VLDL is the major carrier of endogenous triglycerides
    • Protein determination:
      • Total protein levels can be affected by lipemia, hemolysis, and dehydration
      • Plasma is the most common specimen used to determine total proteins
    • Lipid profile:
      • LDL cholesterol is the major cholesterol carrier
      • HDL is also known as good cholesterol
      • VLDL is formed in the liver and carries endogenous triglycerides

    Case A

    • Compute for the serum HDL cholesterol using the given absorbance and concentration values

    Case B

    • Compute for the serum triglyceride level using the given absorbance and concentration values

    Quiz 3

    Insulin and Glucose Metabolism

    • Insulin actions:
      • Increases glycolysis
      • Increases glycogenesis
      • Decreases gluconeogenesis
    • Hyperglycemia:
      • Increased glucose in plasma and urine
      • Increased urine specific gravity
      • Presence of urine ketones

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • Type I diabetes mellitus:
      • Tendency for ketosis
      • Low or no insulin level
      • Presence of autoantibodies
    • Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus:
      • HbA1c of ≥ 6.5%
      • FPG of ≥ 126 mg/dL
      • 2-hr OGTT ≥ 200 mg/dL

    Glucose Measurement

    • Blood glucose measurement:
      • Sample can be serum, plasma, or whole blood
      • Whole blood glucose is lower than in plasma
      • Serum or plasma must be separated within 1 hour
      • Fluoride inhibits glycolytic enzymes
    • Enzymes in glucose determination:
      • Hexokinase is specific for β-D-glucose
      • Glucose oxidase is specific for glucose
      • Mutarotase converts α to β-D-glucose

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    CC1 Review Questions.docx

    Description

    Review questions for Clinical Chemistry 1, covering fatty acids and cholesterol biosynthesis. Topics include fatty acid classification, cardiovascular health, and enzyme regulation.

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