38 Questions
What is the desirable adult cholesterol level?
5.2 mmol/L
What is the classification of a triglyceride level of 300 mg/dL?
High
What is the preferred sample for lipid determination?
Serum
What is the sensitivity of the cholesterol method?
0.05 mmol/L
What causes hypertriglyceridemia?
All of the above
What is the classification of a cholesterol level of 300 mg/dL?
Borderline risk
What is the lipoprotein that is formed in the liver and carries endogenous triglycerides?
VLDL
What is the lipoprotein that is the major cholesterol carrier?
LDL
Which fatty acid contains 12 carbon atoms?
Lauric acid
Which type of fatty acid lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease?
Polyunsaturated
Which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol?
HMG-CoA reductase
Which is the major protein of HDL?
Apo A-I
Which lipoprotein are the major carriers of endogenous triglycerides?
VLDL
Which specimen is most often used to determine total proteins?
Serum
Which factor can increase the test result of total protein determination?
Lipemia
On which assumption is the Kjedahl method of protein determination done?
On average of 6% nitrogen mass used to calculate protein concentration
What is the concentration of the standard used for the BUN sample?
20 mg/dL
What is the absorbance of the test in the BUA analysis?
0.46
What is the absorbance of the standard in the creatinine analysis?
0.19
What is the concentration of the standard used in the glucose analysis?
100 mg/dL
What is the interval between the two readings in the BUN sample analysis?
1 minute
Which actions are associated with the hormone insulin?
Increases glycolysis and glycogenesis
What is a characteristic of hyperglycemia?
Increased urine specific gravity
What is the absorbance of the test in the glucose analysis?
187
What is a feature of Type I diabetes mellitus?
Presence of autoantibodies
What is the result that indicates impaired glucose tolerance?
2 hr OGTT ≥ 120 mg/dL but ≤ 200 mg/dL
What is one of the criteria used to diagnose diabetes mellitus?
2-hr OGTT ≥ 200 mg/dL
Which of the following is true about blood glucose measurement?
Sample can be serum, plasma or whole blood
What is a characteristic of Von-Gierke disease?
Failed hepatic glycogenolysis
How would you compute for the serum triglyceride of an adult patient?
Divide the absorbance of the sample by the absorbance of the standard calibrator
When is the best time to collect a sample for fasting blood glucose?
Morning
Which enzyme is most specific for β-D-glucose in blood glucose determination?
Hexokinase
How would you interpret the cholesterol result after determining the correct level of total cholesterol?
It provides information about the lipid profile
Which glucose method is prone to falsely low results due to uric acid?
Hexokinase
Which enzyme is used as the coupling enzyme in the Hexokinase method of glucose determination?
Peroxidase
Which method is currently considered the best for measuring blood glucose?
Glucose oxidase
What is the purpose of mutarotase in blood glucose measurement?
To convert α to β-D-glucose
Which patients are more prone to developing hyperosmolar, ketotic states?
Patients with type 2 diabetes
Study Notes
Clinical Chemistry 1
Quiz 4
- Fatty acids:
- Fatty acid with 12 carbon atoms is a medium-chain fatty acid
- Unsaturated fatty acids lower the risk of cardiovascular disease
- Cholesterol biosynthesis:
- HMG-CoA reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme
- Lipoproteins:
- HDL is the major protein of HDL
- Apo A-I is exclusively found in chylomicrons
- VLDL is the major carrier of endogenous triglycerides
- Protein determination:
- Total protein levels can be affected by lipemia, hemolysis, and dehydration
- Plasma is the most common specimen used to determine total proteins
- Lipid profile:
- LDL cholesterol is the major cholesterol carrier
- HDL is also known as good cholesterol
- VLDL is formed in the liver and carries endogenous triglycerides
Case A
- Compute for the serum HDL cholesterol using the given absorbance and concentration values
Case B
- Compute for the serum triglyceride level using the given absorbance and concentration values
Quiz 3
Insulin and Glucose Metabolism
- Insulin actions:
- Increases glycolysis
- Increases glycogenesis
- Decreases gluconeogenesis
- Hyperglycemia:
- Increased glucose in plasma and urine
- Increased urine specific gravity
- Presence of urine ketones
Diabetes Mellitus
- Type I diabetes mellitus:
- Tendency for ketosis
- Low or no insulin level
- Presence of autoantibodies
- Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus:
- HbA1c of ≥ 6.5%
- FPG of ≥ 126 mg/dL
- 2-hr OGTT ≥ 200 mg/dL
Glucose Measurement
- Blood glucose measurement:
- Sample can be serum, plasma, or whole blood
- Whole blood glucose is lower than in plasma
- Serum or plasma must be separated within 1 hour
- Fluoride inhibits glycolytic enzymes
- Enzymes in glucose determination:
- Hexokinase is specific for β-D-glucose
- Glucose oxidase is specific for glucose
- Mutarotase converts α to β-D-glucose
Review questions for Clinical Chemistry 1, covering fatty acids and cholesterol biosynthesis. Topics include fatty acid classification, cardiovascular health, and enzyme regulation.
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