The Cerebellum and Walking
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The Cerebellum and Walking

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Questions and Answers

Which cells inhibit granule cells in a feedforward inhibitory loop?

  • Mossy fibers
  • Purkinje cells
  • Climbing fibers
  • Golgi cells (correct)

    • Where do climbing fibers arise from?

  • Cerebellar nuclei
  • Locus coeruleus
  • Raphe nuclei
  • Inferior olivary nucleus (correct)

    • Which fibers convey teaching signals to Purkinje cells?

  • Mossy fibers
  • Climbing fibers (correct)
  • Golgi cell axons
  • Granule cell axons

    • Which fibers alter the responsiveness of Purkinje cells to excitation?

    <p>Mossy fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the deep excitatory loop in the cerebellar cortex?

    <p>To receive input from the motor system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the inhibitory cells from the cerebellum project back to?

    <p>Inferior olivary nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum receives sensory inputs from the vestibular system?

    <p>Vestibulocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is primarily involved in controlling axial and proximal limb muscles?

    <p>Spinocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is involved in executive functions and cognitive control?

    <p>Cerebrocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum receives sensory inputs mostly from the spinocerebellar system?

    <p>Cerebellar vermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What syndrome is caused by cerebellar lesions and is characterized by movement incoordination?

    <p>Ataxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does the cerebellum perform to regulate the timing and gain of muscle contractions?

    <p>Feedforward action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nuclei are involved in regulating the leg swing/stance phases of walking?

    <p>RetN, VN, RN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure forms synapses with Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex?

    <p>Stellate &amp; basket cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of climbing fibers in the cerebellum?

    <p>Convey exteroceptive &amp; proprioceptive information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do parallel fibers inhibit Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex?

    <p>Through lateral inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Golgi cells in the cerebellum?

    <p>Control activity in the MF-PF pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a deficit associated with damage or loss of the cerebellum?

    <p>Inability to understand the nature of a task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure is characterized by one MF rosette, several granule cell & GoC dendrites, as well as GoC axons?

    <p>Cerebellar glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed role of the cerebellum in motor activities?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique capability of the cerebellum in controlling movements?

    <p>Learning to predict the sensory consequences of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structures is the cerebellum deeply integrated with?

    <p>Cerebral cortex and brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information does the cerebral cortex send to the cerebellum?

    <p>Motor commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cerebellar internal forward model?

    <p>Predicting the sensory consequences of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main point of the motor-learning hypothesis?

    <p>More firing from CF leads to less AMPA receptors and no inhibition of DCN.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of GABABR in the induction of long-term depression (LTD) in the parallel fiber synapses?

    <p>GABABR enhances mGluR1 signaling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of loss of cerebellar activity on motor learning?

    <p>Inability to readjust eye-hand coordination during adaptation to prism glasses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the inferior cerebellar peduncle (IO CF) and/or inferior lateral posterior cerebellar cortex in prism adaptation?

    <p>They instruct some PCs to change synaptic weights at the PF synapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical manifestation of damage to the spinocerebellum?

    <p>Drunk sailor's gait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the finger-to-nose test assess?

    <p>Coordination of pass-pointing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cerebellar ablation on the discharge patterns of BS nuclei during walking?

    <p>It abolishes the discharge patterns of BS nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the cerebellar cortex form synapses with Purkinje cells?

    <p>Golgi cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many climbing fibers make synapses with a single Purkinje cell?

    <p>One or two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which afferent system enters the cerebellum through mossy fibers?

    <p>Granule cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of parallel fibers in the cerebellar cortex?

    <p>They make synapses with hundreds of Purkinje cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interneurons in the cerebellar cortex inhibit Purkinje cells adjacent to or at some distance from the row of activated parallel fibers?

    <p>Basket cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a deficit associated with damage or loss of the cerebellum?

    <p>Inability to understand the nature of a task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of climbing fibers in the cerebellum?

    <p>To excite Purkinje cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is involved in executive functions and cognitive control?

    <p>Cerebrocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the inferior cerebellar peduncle (IO CF) and/or inferior lateral posterior cerebellar cortex in prism adaptation?

    <p>To receive sensory inputs from the vestibular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of loss of cerebellar activity on motor learning?

    <p>Impaired motor learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structures is the cerebellum deeply integrated with?

    <p>Cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is primarily involved in controlling distal limb muscles?

    <p>Cerebrocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum receives sensory inputs from the corticopontocerebellar pathway?

    <p>Cerebrocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output pathway of the cerebellar vermis?

    <p>Fastigial nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is involved in visuo-vestibular interactions controlling ocular reflexes?

    <p>Vestibulocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cerebellum in regulating muscle contraction?

    <p>Regulating timing and gain of contraction in agonist and antagonist muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cerebellum in motor learning?

    <p>Modifying the internal forward model through plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fibers convey teaching signals to Purkinje cells?

    <p>Climbing fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Golgi cells in the cerebellum?

    <p>To inhibit granule cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the inhibitory cells from the cerebellum project back to?

    <p>Inferior olivary nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What syndrome is caused by cerebellar lesions and is characterized by movement incoordination?

    <p>Cerebellar ataxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of loss of cerebellar activity on motor learning?

    <p>Impairs motor learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure is characterized by one MF rosette, several granule cell & GoC dendrites, as well as GoC axons?

    <p>Cerebellar glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecular cascade is activated in the spines when glutamate binds to mGluR1 at the perisynaptic region of PC dendritic spines?

    <p>Gq &amp; PLCβ4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of CF-induced depolarization of PC dendrites in the cerebellum?

    <p>Ca2+ influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of PKC in the induction of long-term depression (LTD) in the parallel fiber synapses?

    <p>Phosphorylates AMPA receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the firing of climbing fibers when there is more firing from the parallel fiber system in the cerebellum?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of loss of cerebellar activity on the adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

    <p>Inability to readjust eye-hand coordination during adaptation to prism glasses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical manifestation of damage to the spinocerebellum?

    <p>Drunk sailor's gait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a deficit associated with damage or loss of the cerebellum?

    <p>Paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cerebellum in motor activities?

    <p>Cognitive functions related to motor functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique capability of the cerebellum in controlling movements?

    <p>Acting as a forward controller by predicting system states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information does the cerebral cortex send to the cerebellum?

    <p>Sensory consequences of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of climbing fibers in the cerebellum?

    <p>Conveying teaching signals to Purkinje cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is primarily involved in controlling distal limb muscles?

    <p>Spinocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum receives sensory inputs from the corticopontocerebellar pathway?

    <p>Cerebrocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of loss of cerebellar activity on motor learning?

    <p>Impaired motor learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical manifestation of damage to the spinocerebellum?

    <p>Ataxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the inferior cerebellar peduncle (IO CF) and/or inferior lateral posterior cerebellar cortex in prism adaptation?

    <p>Control of ocular reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cerebellar ablation on the discharge patterns of BS nuclei during walking?

    <p>Increased discharge patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is primarily involved in controlling distal limb muscles?

    <p>Cerebellar hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the cerebellar cortex form synapses with Purkinje cells?

    <p>Granule cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of climbing fibers in the cerebellum?

    <p>Convey sensory information to the cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of loss of cerebellar activity on motor learning?

    <p>Motor learning is impaired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Golgi cells in the cerebellum?

    <p>Inhibit granule cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed role of the cerebellum in motor activities?

    <p>Timing and coordination of movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is involved in visuo-vestibular interactions controlling ocular reflexes?

    <p>Flocculonodular lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Golgi cells in the cerebellar cortex?

    <p>Golgi cells inhibit granule cells in a feedforward inhibitory loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of loss of cerebellar activity on motor learning?

    <p>Motor learning is impaired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of climbing fibers in the cerebellum?

    <p>Climbing fibers convey teaching signals to Purkinje cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is primarily involved in controlling distal limb muscles?

    <p>Lateral hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the inferior cerebellar peduncle (IO CF) and/or inferior lateral posterior cerebellar cortex in prism adaptation?

    <p>They receive inputs from the spinocerebellar system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical manifestation of damage to the spinocerebellum?

    <p>Dysmetria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of loss of cerebellar activity on motor learning?

    <p>Loss of cerebellar activity impairs motor learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the inferior cerebellar peduncle (IO CF) and/or inferior lateral posterior cerebellar cortex in prism adaptation?

    <p>They affect motor learning by impairing the adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical manifestation of damage to the spinocerebellum?

    <p>Truncal ataxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fibers convey teaching signals to Purkinje cells?

    <p>Climbing fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of climbing fibers in the cerebellum?

    <p>To provide teaching signals to Purkinje cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum receives sensory inputs from the vestibular system?

    <p>Vestibulocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

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