The Cerebellum and Walking
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Questions and Answers

Which cells inhibit granule cells in a feedforward inhibitory loop?

  • Mossy fibers
  • Purkinje cells
  • Climbing fibers
  • Golgi cells (correct)

Where do climbing fibers arise from?

  • Cerebellar nuclei
  • Locus coeruleus
  • Raphe nuclei
  • Inferior olivary nucleus (correct)

Which fibers convey teaching signals to Purkinje cells?

  • Mossy fibers
  • Climbing fibers (correct)
  • Golgi cell axons
  • Granule cell axons

Which fibers alter the responsiveness of Purkinje cells to excitation?

<p>Mossy fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the deep excitatory loop in the cerebellar cortex?

<p>To receive input from the motor system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the inhibitory cells from the cerebellum project back to?

<p>Inferior olivary nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebellum receives sensory inputs from the vestibular system?

<p>Vestibulocerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebellum is primarily involved in controlling axial and proximal limb muscles?

<p>Spinocerebellum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in executive functions and cognitive control?

<p>Cerebrocerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebellum receives sensory inputs mostly from the spinocerebellar system?

<p>Cerebellar vermis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What syndrome is caused by cerebellar lesions and is characterized by movement incoordination?

<p>Ataxia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action does the cerebellum perform to regulate the timing and gain of muscle contractions?

<p>Feedforward action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nuclei are involved in regulating the leg swing/stance phases of walking?

<p>RetN, VN, RN (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms synapses with Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex?

<p>Stellate &amp; basket cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of climbing fibers in the cerebellum?

<p>Convey exteroceptive &amp; proprioceptive information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do parallel fibers inhibit Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex?

<p>Through lateral inhibition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Golgi cells in the cerebellum?

<p>Control activity in the MF-PF pathway (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a deficit associated with damage or loss of the cerebellum?

<p>Inability to understand the nature of a task (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure is characterized by one MF rosette, several granule cell & GoC dendrites, as well as GoC axons?

<p>Cerebellar glomerulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed role of the cerebellum in motor activities?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique capability of the cerebellum in controlling movements?

<p>Learning to predict the sensory consequences of movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structures is the cerebellum deeply integrated with?

<p>Cerebral cortex and brainstem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information does the cerebral cortex send to the cerebellum?

<p>Motor commands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cerebellar internal forward model?

<p>Predicting the sensory consequences of movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the main point of the motor-learning hypothesis?

<p>More firing from CF leads to less AMPA receptors and no inhibition of DCN. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of GABABR in the induction of long-term depression (LTD) in the parallel fiber synapses?

<p>GABABR enhances mGluR1 signaling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of loss of cerebellar activity on motor learning?

<p>Inability to readjust eye-hand coordination during adaptation to prism glasses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the inferior cerebellar peduncle (IO CF) and/or inferior lateral posterior cerebellar cortex in prism adaptation?

<p>They instruct some PCs to change synaptic weights at the PF synapses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical manifestation of damage to the spinocerebellum?

<p>Drunk sailor's gait (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the finger-to-nose test assess?

<p>Coordination of pass-pointing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cerebellar ablation on the discharge patterns of BS nuclei during walking?

<p>It abolishes the discharge patterns of BS nuclei (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the cerebellar cortex form synapses with Purkinje cells?

<p>Golgi cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many climbing fibers make synapses with a single Purkinje cell?

<p>One or two (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which afferent system enters the cerebellum through mossy fibers?

<p>Granule cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of parallel fibers in the cerebellar cortex?

<p>They make synapses with hundreds of Purkinje cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which interneurons in the cerebellar cortex inhibit Purkinje cells adjacent to or at some distance from the row of activated parallel fibers?

<p>Basket cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a deficit associated with damage or loss of the cerebellum?

<p>Inability to understand the nature of a task (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of climbing fibers in the cerebellum?

<p>To excite Purkinje cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in executive functions and cognitive control?

<p>Cerebrocerebellum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the inferior cerebellar peduncle (IO CF) and/or inferior lateral posterior cerebellar cortex in prism adaptation?

<p>To receive sensory inputs from the vestibular system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of loss of cerebellar activity on motor learning?

<p>Impaired motor learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structures is the cerebellum deeply integrated with?

<p>Cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebellum is primarily involved in controlling distal limb muscles?

<p>Cerebrocerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebellum receives sensory inputs from the corticopontocerebellar pathway?

<p>Cerebrocerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the output pathway of the cerebellar vermis?

<p>Fastigial nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in visuo-vestibular interactions controlling ocular reflexes?

<p>Vestibulocerebellum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cerebellum in regulating muscle contraction?

<p>Regulating timing and gain of contraction in agonist and antagonist muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cerebellum in motor learning?

<p>Modifying the internal forward model through plasticity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fibers convey teaching signals to Purkinje cells?

<p>Climbing fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Golgi cells in the cerebellum?

<p>To inhibit granule cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the inhibitory cells from the cerebellum project back to?

<p>Inferior olivary nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What syndrome is caused by cerebellar lesions and is characterized by movement incoordination?

<p>Cerebellar ataxia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of loss of cerebellar activity on motor learning?

<p>Impairs motor learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure is characterized by one MF rosette, several granule cell & GoC dendrites, as well as GoC axons?

<p>Cerebellar glomerulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecular cascade is activated in the spines when glutamate binds to mGluR1 at the perisynaptic region of PC dendritic spines?

<p>Gq &amp; PLCβ4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of CF-induced depolarization of PC dendrites in the cerebellum?

<p>Ca2+ influx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of PKC in the induction of long-term depression (LTD) in the parallel fiber synapses?

<p>Phosphorylates AMPA receptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the firing of climbing fibers when there is more firing from the parallel fiber system in the cerebellum?

<p>Decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of loss of cerebellar activity on the adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

<p>Inability to readjust eye-hand coordination during adaptation to prism glasses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical manifestation of damage to the spinocerebellum?

<p>Drunk sailor's gait (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a deficit associated with damage or loss of the cerebellum?

<p>Paralysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cerebellum in motor activities?

<p>Cognitive functions related to motor functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique capability of the cerebellum in controlling movements?

<p>Acting as a forward controller by predicting system states (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information does the cerebral cortex send to the cerebellum?

<p>Sensory consequences of movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of climbing fibers in the cerebellum?

<p>Conveying teaching signals to Purkinje cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebellum is primarily involved in controlling distal limb muscles?

<p>Spinocerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebellum receives sensory inputs from the corticopontocerebellar pathway?

<p>Cerebrocerebellum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of loss of cerebellar activity on motor learning?

<p>Impaired motor learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical manifestation of damage to the spinocerebellum?

<p>Ataxia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the inferior cerebellar peduncle (IO CF) and/or inferior lateral posterior cerebellar cortex in prism adaptation?

<p>Control of ocular reflexes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cerebellar ablation on the discharge patterns of BS nuclei during walking?

<p>Increased discharge patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebellum is primarily involved in controlling distal limb muscles?

<p>Cerebellar hemispheres (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the cerebellar cortex form synapses with Purkinje cells?

<p>Granule cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of climbing fibers in the cerebellum?

<p>Convey sensory information to the cerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of loss of cerebellar activity on motor learning?

<p>Motor learning is impaired (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Golgi cells in the cerebellum?

<p>Inhibit granule cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed role of the cerebellum in motor activities?

<p>Timing and coordination of movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in visuo-vestibular interactions controlling ocular reflexes?

<p>Flocculonodular lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Golgi cells in the cerebellar cortex?

<p>Golgi cells inhibit granule cells in a feedforward inhibitory loop (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of loss of cerebellar activity on motor learning?

<p>Motor learning is impaired (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of climbing fibers in the cerebellum?

<p>Climbing fibers convey teaching signals to Purkinje cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebellum is primarily involved in controlling distal limb muscles?

<p>Lateral hemisphere (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the inferior cerebellar peduncle (IO CF) and/or inferior lateral posterior cerebellar cortex in prism adaptation?

<p>They receive inputs from the spinocerebellar system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical manifestation of damage to the spinocerebellum?

<p>Dysmetria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of loss of cerebellar activity on motor learning?

<p>Loss of cerebellar activity impairs motor learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the inferior cerebellar peduncle (IO CF) and/or inferior lateral posterior cerebellar cortex in prism adaptation?

<p>They affect motor learning by impairing the adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical manifestation of damage to the spinocerebellum?

<p>Truncal ataxia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fibers convey teaching signals to Purkinje cells?

<p>Climbing fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of climbing fibers in the cerebellum?

<p>To provide teaching signals to Purkinje cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebellum receives sensory inputs from the vestibular system?

<p>Vestibulocerebellum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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