The Cerebellar Cortex and Walking Control
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Questions and Answers

Which nuclei are dynamically regulated by the cerebellum during walking?

  • Climbing fibers
  • Granular layer
  • Basilar pontine nuclei
  • RetN, VN, RN (correct)

    • What happens if the feedforward mechanism is lost due to damage in the cerebellum?

  • Random contractions and relaxations
  • Cerebellar ablation
  • Walking becomes faster
  • Walking becomes slower (correct)

    • Which cells form synapses with Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex?

  • Olivary neurons (correct)
  • Basket cells
  • Stellate cells
  • Granule cells

    • What is the function of the mossy fibers in the cerebellum?

    <p>Transmit sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interneurons inhibit the activity of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex?

    <p>GoC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure is formed by the synaptic contacts among granule cell dendrites, mossy fiber terminals, and Golgi cell axon and dendrites?

    <p>Cerebellar glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a deficit associated with damage or loss of the cerebellum?

    <p>Inability to understand a task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the cerebellum play in motor activities?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is the cerebellum deeply integrated with?

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique capability of the cerebellum?

    <p>Predicting system states based on sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cerebral cortex send to the cerebellum?

    <p>Motor commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cerebellar internal forward model do with the motor commands from the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Elaborates them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum receives sensory inputs from the vestibular system?

    <p>Flocculonodular lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is involved in controlling axial and proximal limb muscles?

    <p>Cerebellar vermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is primarily involved in executive functions and cognitive control?

    <p>Cerebrocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main output pathway of the flocculonodular lobe?

    <p>Vestibulospinal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum receives sensory inputs mostly from the corticopontocerebellar pathway?

    <p>Cerebellar hemispheres, pars lateralis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cerebellum in muscle contraction?

    <p>Regulates timing and gain of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecular cascade is activated in the perisynaptic region of PC dendritic spines during LTD induction?

    <p>Gq &amp; PLCβ4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to AMPA receptors during LTD?

    <p>They are internalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of more firing from climbing fibers (CF) on AMPA receptors?

    <p>Downregulation of AMPA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is associated with the clinical manifestation of nystagmus?

    <p>Vestibulocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Romberg's test?

    <p>Assess balance issues related to the function of dorsal column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is associated with the clinical manifestation of a drunk sailor's gait?

    <p>Spinocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the cerebellum receive instruction signals from climbing fibers (CF)?

    <p>Purkinje cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the multilayered afferent fibers from the locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, and hypothalamus in the cerebellum?

    <p>Alter the responsiveness of Purkinje cells to excitation by mossy fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Golgi cells (GoC) in the cerebellum?

    <p>To inhibit granule cells in a feedback inhibitory loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is specific to the vestibulocerebellum?

    <p>Mossy fiber (mf) → unipolar brush cell (UBC) → granule cell (GrC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) communicate through gap junctions?

    <p>Golgi cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the inhibitory (GABAergic) output from the deep nuclei of the cerebellum?

    <p>To project to specific parts of the inferior olivary nucleus (IO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?

    <p>Processing of sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed role of the cerebellum in motor activities?

    <p>To coordinate muscle movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique capability of the cerebellum in controlling movements?

    <p>To predict system states based on sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum receives sensory inputs from the corticopontocerebellar pathway?

    <p>Cerebrocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of more firing from climbing fibers (CF) on AMPA receptors?

    <p>Depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is primarily involved in executive functions and cognitive control?

    <p>Cerebrocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the cerebellar cortex receive input from climbing fibers (CF) that make hundreds of excitatory synapses with them?

    <p>Purkinje cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interneurons in the cerebellar cortex inhibit the activity of Purkinje cells?

    <p>Basket cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which afferent system transmits signals entering the cerebellum through the mossy fibers to the granular layer and Purkinje cells?

    <p>Climbing fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the cerebellum receive instruction signals from climbing fibers (CF)?

    <p>Purkinje cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of more firing from climbing fibers (CF) on parallel fiber (PF) synaptic efficacy?

    <p>Decreased PF synaptic efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is associated with the clinical manifestation of nystagmus?

    <p>Vestibulocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is released from parallel fiber terminals and binds to mGluR1 during long-term depression (LTD) induction in the cerebellum?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the cerebellum is primarily involved in motor learning and coordination of voluntary movements?

    <p>Spinocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of more firing from climbing fibers (CF) in the cerebellum?

    <p>Decrease in AMPA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a deficit associated with damage or loss of the cerebellum?

    <p>Paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed role of the cerebellum in motor activities?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique capability of the cerebellum in controlling movements?

    <p>Learning to predict the precise timing of motor events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cerebral cortex send to the cerebellum?

    <p>Efference copy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleus/nuclei in the brain are dynamically regulated by the cerebellum during leg swing/stance phases of walking?

    <p>RetN, VN, RN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the cerebellar cortex receive input from climbing fibers (CF) that make hundreds of excitatory synapses with them?

    <p>Purkinje cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum primarily receives sensory inputs from the corticopontocerebellar pathway?

    <p>Cerebrocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which afferent system transmits signals entering the cerebellum through the mossy fibers to the granular layer and Purkinje cells?

    <p>Mossy fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurons in the cerebellum receive instruction signals from climbing fibers (CF)?

    <p>Purkinje cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Golgi cells (GoC) in the cerebellum?

    <p>To inhibit granule cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is primarily involved in motor learning and coordination of voluntary movements?

    <p>Cerebrocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of more firing from climbing fibers (CF) on parallel fiber (PF) synaptic efficacy?

    <p>Decreased PF synaptic efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of more firing from climbing fibers (CF) on AMPA receptors?

    <p>AMPA receptors are phosphorylated and internalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is associated with the clinical manifestation of nystagmus?

    <p>Vestibulocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed role of the cerebellum in motor activities?

    <p>To execute and coordinate movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of more firing from climbing fibers (CF) on parallel fiber (PF) synaptic efficacy?

    <p>Decreased PF synaptic efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is primarily associated with controlling the muscle tone to match the information from the vestibular system?

    <p>Vestibulocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is primarily involved in controlling axial and proximal limb muscles?

    <p>Spinocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum is primarily involved in executive functions and cognitive control?

    <p>Cerebrocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebellum receives sensory inputs from the corticopontocerebellar pathway?

    <p>Cerebrocerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cerebellum Function

    • The cerebellum dynamically regulates the nuclei during walking.
    • If the feedforward mechanism is lost due to damage in the cerebellum, it can lead to motor coordination deficits.

    Cerebellar Cortex

    • Mossy fibers form synapses with granule cells, and Golgi cells inhibit granule cells.
    • Climbing fibers form synapses with Purkinje cells, which are inhibited by basket cells and stellate cells.

    Mossy Fibers

    • Mossy fibers transmit sensory information from sensory organs to the cerebellum.
    • They form synapses with granule cells, which then send parallel fibers to Purkinje cells.

    Purkinje Cells

    • Purkinje cells integrate information from parallel fibers and climbing fibers to regulate motor activities.
    • They are inhibited by basket cells and stellate cells.

    Climbing Fibers

    • Climbing fibers transmit error signals from sensory organs to Purkinje cells.
    • They strengthen or weaken parallel fiber synapses, leading to long-term depression (LTD) or potentiation (LTP).

    Deep Cerebellar Nuclei

    • The deep cerebellar nuclei are the main output pathway of the cerebellum.
    • They transmit motor Outputs to the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, and brainstem.

    Cerebellum's Role in Motor Activities

    • The cerebellum integrates sensory information, motor commands, and error signals to regulate motor activities.
    • It plays a crucial role in motor learning, coordination, and control.

    Cerebellum's Relation with Other Brain Regions

    • The cerebellum is deeply integrated with the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and brainstem.
    • It receives sensory inputs from the vestibular system, spinal cord, and corticopontocerebellar pathway.

    Clinical Manifestations of Cerebellar Damage

    • Damage to the cerebellum can lead to ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesis, and nystagmus.
    • The cerebellum is essential for maintaining posture, balance, and motor coordination.

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    Lecture 7: The Cerebellar Circuit PDF

    Description

    Quiz: Understanding the Role of Cerebellar Cortex in Walking Control Test your knowledge on the intricate role of the cerebellar cortex in regulating the discharge of BS nuclei during the leg swing/stance phases of walking. Explore the impact of cerebellar damage on walking speed and the specific patterns of neuronal discharge in various nuclei. Learn about the crucial role of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree in this process.

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