The Cell: Structure and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of microvilli?

  • To facilitate communication between cells
  • To increase the cell surface area for nutrient absorption (correct)
  • To form impermeable junctions between cells
  • To protect the cell from mechanical stress

    • Desmosomes are responsible for facilitating communication between heart cells.

    False

    What are the three major components of cytoplasm?

    cytosol, inclusions, organelles

    The __________ are impermeable junctions that prevent substances from passing through between cells.

    <p>tight junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of junction allows for easy exchange of substances between adjacent cells?

    <p>Gap junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cellular structures with their functions:

    <p>Microvilli = Increase surface area for absorption Tight Junctions = Prevent leakage between cells Desmosomes = Anchor cells in place Gap Junctions = Facilitate communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytosol is a solid substance found within the cytoplasm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are inclusions in the cytoplasm?

    <p>Chemical substances that may or may not be present in a cell, often stored nutrients or cell products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Robert Hooke discovered the cell in the 1600s.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when protein connexins come together?

    <p>Connexon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The movement of water from a greater concentration gradient to a lower concentration gradient through a semi-permeable membrane is called __________.

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which membrane protects the heart?

    <p>Pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following membranes with their protective roles:

    <p>Pericardium = Protects the heart Parietal pleura = Protects the lungs Synovium = Protects the joints Meninges = Protects the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium protects the vagina?

    <p>Stratified squamous, non keratinizing epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four elements that compose the cell?

    <p>Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondria?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main protein structures involved in the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ are known as the cell's 'suicide bags' due to their role in digesting worn-out cell structures.

    <p>lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the organelles with their primary functions:

    <p>Mitochondria = Energy production Golgi Apparatus = Modification and packaging of proteins Lysosomes = Digestion of waste Peroxisomes = Detoxification of harmful substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribosomes?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a role in the synthesis of membrane proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of peroxisomes in the cell?

    <p>Detoxification and breaking down harmful substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ serves as the control center of the cell, where the highest concentration of DNA is located.

    <p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are responsible for cell motility and shape changes?

    <p>Microfilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream?

    <p>Endocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All connective tissues are poorly vascularized.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed in the body?

    <p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tendons connect ________ to bones.

    <p>skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the connective tissues with their features:

    <p>Bone = Hard matrix with calcium salts Cartilage = Flexible and less hard than bone Adipose tissue = Stores fat Areolar tissue = Loose connective tissue that packs organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is primarily responsible for rapid diffusion and filtration?

    <p>Simple squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscular tissue is responsible for involuntary movements?

    <p>Cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epithelial tissues have a rich blood supply.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurons are the only cells involved in the nervous tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nervous tissue?

    <p>Reception and transmission of electrochemical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glandular epithelium?

    <p>Secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ epithelium is found lining the respiratory tract and has cilia.

    <p>Pseudostratified columnar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of epithelium with their primary locations:

    <p>Simple cuboidal = Ovaries and kidneys Stratified squamous = Skin and esophagus Simple columnar = Whole digestive tract Transitional = Urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epithelial tissue is highly modified to stretch?

    <p>Transitional epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Simple columnar epithelium contains goblet cells that produce mucus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lower surface of epithelial tissues rests on a ________ membrane.

    <p>basement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Basics

    • Discovered by Robert Hooke in the 1600s; identified as the building blocks of life.
    • Composed primarily of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

    Cell Structure

    • Major components: Nucleus, Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Organelles.
    • Nucleus acts as the control center, housing DNA; includes nuclear envelope, nucleoli, and chromatin.
    • Plasma membrane consists of lipid bilayers with embedded proteins, regulating substance passage and cell communication.
    • Cytoplasm is the 'factory floor' where organelles and inclusions are suspended; contains cytosol.

    Organelles and Their Functions

    • Mitochondria: Known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for ATP production.
    • Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis; can be free-floating or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum:
      • Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
      • Rough ER: Site for protein synthesis and cell membrane production.
    • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, packages, and ships proteins; acts as the cell's traffic director.
    • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste and foreign substances (cellular "stomach").
    • Peroxisomes: Detoxify harmful substances and manage oxidative stress (convert hydrogen peroxide to water).
    • Cytoskeleton: Composed of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments; provides support and assists in cell movement.

    Membrane Junctions

    • Tight Junctions: Create leakproof sheets that prevent substance passage, essential in organs like the intestines.
    • Desmosomes: Anchoring junctions that connect adjacent cells to withstand mechanical stress, present in skin and heart tissues.
    • Gap Junctions: Allow communication between cells; consist of connexons formed by connexin proteins.

    Epithelium Classification

    • Types: Simple (single layer) and Stratified (multiple layers).
    • Characteristics: Avascular, closely fitting, regenerative, and has specific modifications (cilia/microvilli).

    Specific Epithelial Types

    • Simple Squamous: Facilitates rapid diffusion (e.g., alveoli).
    • Simple Cuboidal: Found in glands (e.g., kidneys).
    • Simple Columnar: Contains goblet cells for mucus secretion; lines the digestive tract.
    • Stratified Squamous: Protects against friction; found in skin and body openings (e.g., mouth, vagina).
    • Transitional Epithelium: Found in bladder; allows for stretch due to its modified stratified structure.

    Connective Tissue

    • The most abundant and diverse tissue; supports and binds other tissues.
    • Vascularized (except tendons, ligaments, and cartilage).
    • Distinguishing features include ground substance and fibers (collagen, elastic).

    Muscle and Nervous Tissues

    • Muscle Tissue: Responsible for body movement; includes voluntary (skeletal) and involuntary (smooth, cardiac) types, with cardiac muscle featuring intercalated discs for ion passage.
    • Nervous Tissue: Responsible for signal transmission and processing; consists of neurons and supporting glial cells.

    Membranes

    • Pericardium: Membrane protecting the heart.
    • Pleura: Membrane protecting the lungs; includes parietal and visceral layers.
    • Synovium: Membrane that protects joints.

    Additional Processes

    • Osmosis: Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high to low concentration.
    • Diffusion: Movement of solutes from high to low concentration.
    • Endocytosis: Engulfing materials into the cell (e.g., phagocytosis).
    • Exocytosis: Releasing materials out of the cell.

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