The Cardiovascular System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the pulmonary circuit?

  • To maintain the heart's rhythm
  • To carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange (correct)
  • To drain blood from the lower body
  • To supply oxygenated blood to the body

    • The heart lies entirely to the right of the median plane.

    False

    What is the size and shape of the heart?

    Approximately the size of a person's fist and hollow and cone-shaped.

    The right side of the heart receives __________ blood from the body.

    <p>deoxygenated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vessels with their respective functions:

    <p>Superior Vena Cava = Drains blood from head and upper limbs Inferior Vena Cava = Drains blood from organs below the diaphragm Pulmonary Veins = Carry blood from the lungs to the heart Pulmonary Trunk = Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the heart empties into the pulmonary trunk?

    <p>Right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left side of the heart supplies the body with deoxygenated blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major divisions of the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The broad superior portion of the heart is called the __________.

    <p>base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ lies deep to the sternum?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pericardial fluid?

    <p>To lubricate the membranes and reduce friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The myocardium is the innermost layer of the heart wall.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the right AV valve from the left AV valve?

    <p>The right AV valve has three cusps, while the left AV valve (Bicuspid/Mitral valve) has two cusps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ is a wall that separates the right and left atria.

    <p>interatrial septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following heart chambers with their descriptions:

    <p>Right Atrium = Thin-walled receiving chamber Left Ventricle = Thickest chamber performing pumping Right Ventricle = Pumps blood to the lungs Left Atrium = Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the coronary circulation?

    <p>Pulmonary Valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart wall.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the trabeculae carneae in the ventricles?

    <p>Trabeculae carneae help regulate blood flow and prevent suction during contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left coronary artery supplies blood to the _______ atrium and ventricle.

    <p>left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chamber of the heart forms the apex?

    <p>Left Ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Cardiovascular System

    • Two major circuits: pulmonary and systemic
    • Pulmonary Circuit: Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange, then returns oxygenated blood to the heart (right side).
    • Systemic Circuit: Supplies oxygenated blood to every body organ, including the heart itself (left side).

    The Heart

    • Approximately fist-sized, cone-shaped, weighs less than a pound.
    • Located in the thoracic cavity's mediastinum, between the lungs, deep to the sternum.
    • Tilted slightly to the left (2/3 of heart lies left of midline).
    • Base: Broad superior portion, attachment point for major vessels.
    • Apex: Inferior pointed end, above the diaphragm.

    The Great Vessels of the Heart

    • Right side: Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the superior vena cava (drains head, neck, upper limbs, thoracic organs) and inferior vena cava (drains organs below diaphragm).
    • Right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk (right & left pulmonary arteries).
    • Left side: Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium via pulmonary veins.
    • Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta which distributes blood to the body, including the head, neck, upper limbs.

    The Pericardium

    • Double-walled sac enclosing the heart.
    • Parietal Pericardium: Superficial, tough fibrous layer, and deeper serous layer.
    • Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium): Inner layer, continuous with parietal pericardium, covers the heart surface.
    • Pericardial Cavity: Potential space between visceral and parietal layers, contains pericardial fluid (lubricates for frictionless beating).
    • Pericarditis: Inflammation causing a painful friction rub.
    • Functions: Reduces friction, isolates heart from other organs, allows expansion, resists over-expansion.

    The Heart Wall

    • Three layers:
    • Epicardium (visceral pericardium): serous membrane, simple squamous epithelium (with possible adipose), large coronary vessels travel through it.
    • Myocardium: Thickest layer, cardiac muscle, performs heart's work.
    • Endocardium: Lines heart chambers and covers valve surfaces, simple squamous epithelium, continuous with blood vessel endothelium, no adipose tissue.

    Cardiac Muscle

    • Striated, short branched cells (cardiocytes).
    • Central nucleus
    • Intercalated discs join cardiocytes (dark lines).

    Heart Chambers

    • Four chambers: right & left atria (thin-walled receiving chambers, most mass posteriorly, auricle for volume increase) and right & left ventricles (thick-walled pumps).
    • Right ventricle faces the anterior aspect of the heart; left ventricle forms the apex and inferior/posterior aspect.

    Heart Chambers (Surface Anatomy)

    • Separated by sulci (grooves) containing fat and coronary vessels.
    • Coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus: Encircles atria and ventricles.
    • Anterior interventricular sulcus: Passes down between ventricles anteriorly.
    • Posterior interventricular sulcus: Passes down between ventricles posteriorly.
    • Interatrial septum: Wall between the atria.
    • Interventricular septum: Wall between ventricles (muscular, vertical).
    • Trabeculae carneae: Internal ridges in ventricular walls

    Heart Valves

    • Atrioventricular Valves: Right (tricuspid), Left (bicuspid/mitral).
    • Connected to chordae tendineae and papillary muscles.
    • Semilunar Valves: Pulmonary (between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk), Aortic (between left ventricle and aorta).

    Coronary Circulation

    • Blood vessels of heart wall.
    • Right Coronary Artery (RCA): Supplies right atrium, SA node, right ventricle; branches include right marginal and posterior interventricular branches.
    • Left Coronary Artery (LCA): Splits into anterior interventricular (LAD) and circumflex branches. LAD supplies anterior walls and septum; circumflex supplies left atrium and posterior left ventricle.

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    Description

    Explore the structure and function of the cardiovascular system, focusing on the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Learn about the heart's anatomy, its position in the thoracic cavity, and the great vessels involved in blood circulation. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how blood flows through the body and the heart's role in this critical system.

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