Midterm Review Quiz

A hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland that triggers ovulation (the release of a mature egg from the ovary).

A pair of endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys. They secrete adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which play a role in the 'fight-or-flight' response.

A peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys and constricting blood vessels, ultimately raising blood pressure.

A butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck. It produces thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, growth, body temperature, and heart rate.

A branch of the immune system characterized by the presence of antibodies in the blood plasma. Antibodies are proteins produced by B lymphocytes and bind to specific antigens (foreign substances) to neutralize them.

A type of T lymphocyte that directly attacks and kills infected cells or cancerous cells. It is the main effector cell of cell-mediated immunity and recognizes specific antigens by specialized receptors.

A group of lymph nodes located on the inner aspect of the elbow, superficial to the cubital vein. They are important for filtering lymph fluid from the arm and hand.

Small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the lymphatic system. They filter lymph fluid, remove cellular debris, and house immune cells (lymphocytes) that recognize and destroy pathogens.

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium absorption into the bones and reducing calcium reabsorption from the kidneys.

Bone tissue. Calcitonin works to lower blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium deposition into the bone.

A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium levels by increasing calcium reabsorption from the kidneys and promoting calcium absorption from the intestines.

A type of white blood cell (granulocyte) that is the most abundant type in the blood. These cells engulf and destroy bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens through phagocytosis.

A type of white blood cell (agranulocyte) that transforms into a macrophage during diapedesis. Macrophages are large phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens, cellular debris, and foreign particles, ultimately helping the body fight infections.

Small, irregular-shaped cells in the blood that play a crucial role in hemostasis (stopping bleeding). They adhere to damaged blood vessels and form a platelet plug to stop the blood flow.

The most abundant protein in blood plasma. It helps maintain blood volume and pressure, transport hormones and other substances, and regulate osmotic pressure.

The phase in the cardiac cycle where the two upper chambers of the heart, the atria, contract to push blood into the ventricles.

A specialized group of cells located in the right atrium of the heart that initiates the electrical signals that control the heart beat. It acts as the 'pacemaker' of the heart.

The outermost layer of the heart wall. It is a thin serous membrane that reduces friction between the heart and the pericardium, the sac that encloses the heart.

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat. It is a key factor in determining cardiac output.

The total amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is a measure of the heart's pumping efficiency.

The wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) that represents the depolarization and contraction of the atria.

The middle layer of the blood vessel wall (except in capillaries). It is composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers, which regulate blood vessel diameter and blood pressure.

A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the abdominal viscera (digestive organs) to the liver for processing before it reaches the inferior vena cava.

A type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) responsible for producing antibodies. They are crucial for humoral immunity, a major component of the adaptive immune system.

The body's initial response to invasion by pathogens. This response is non-specific, meaning it targets a wide range of pathogens, and does not involve memory.

A type of T lymphocyte that directly attacks infected cells or cancerous cells. It is the main effector cell of cell-mediated immunity and recognizes specific antigens by specialized receptors.

A type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) responsible for producing antibodies. They are crucial for humoral immunity, a major component of the adaptive immune system.

Small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the lymphatic system. They filter lymph fluid, remove cellular debris, and house immune cells (lymphocytes) that recognize and destroy pathogens.

A peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys and constricting blood vessels, ultimately raising blood pressure.

A type of white blood cell (granulocyte) that engulfs and destroys bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens through phagocytosis. They are the most abundant type of white blood cell in the blood.

Small, irregular-shaped cells in the blood that play a crucial role in hemostasis (stopping bleeding). They adhere to damaged blood vessels and form a platelet plug to stop the blood flow.

A type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) that plays a crucial role in the adaptive immune response by recognizing and responding to specific antigens. They are responsible for producing antibodies in humoral immunity and directly targeting cells in cell-mediated immunity.

A type of white blood cell (agranulocyte) that transforms into a macrophage during diapedesis. Macrophages are large phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens, cellular debris, and foreign particles, ultimately helping the body fight infections.

The most abundant protein in blood plasma. It helps maintain blood volume and pressure, transport hormones and other substances, and regulate osmotic pressure.

The phase of the cardiac cycle initiated by the closure of the semilunar valves (SL) and the opening of the atrioventricular valves (AV). This phase marks the beginning of ventricular relaxation and the filling of the ventricles with blood.

Specialized sensory receptors located in the walls of blood vessels, especially in the carotid sinus and aortic arch, that detect changes in blood pressure.

The middle layer of the heart wall. It is primarily composed of cardiac muscle tissue and is responsible for the actual contraction of the heart, pumping blood throughout the body.

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat. It is a key factor in determining cardiac output.

The amount of stretch of the ventricular muscle at the end of diastole (relaxation). It is a key factor in determining stroke volume according to Starling's Law of the heart, which states that the heart pumps out more blood with increased stretch.

A hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland that triggers ovulation (the release of a mature egg from the ovary).

A pair of endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys. They secrete adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which play a role in the 'fight-or-flight' response.

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium absorption into the bones and reducing calcium reabsorption from the kidneys.

A peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys and constricting blood vessels, ultimately raising blood pressure.

A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium levels by increasing calcium reabsorption from the kidneys and promoting calcium absorption from the intestines.

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism, growth, and development.

A neurotransmitter that can act as a hormone when secreted by the adrenal medulla. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels, playing a key role in the 'fight-or-flight' response.