Immune System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes innate defenses in the immune system?

  • Innate defenses include humoral and cellular immunity.
  • Innate defenses are only activated upon prior exposure to a specific pathogen.
  • Innate defenses are specific to particular pathogens and provide long-term immunity.
  • Innate defenses are non-specific and act as the first line of defense against pathogens. (correct)

    • What is the primary function of surface membrane barriers in the immune system?

  • To regulate the body's immune response.
  • To produce antibodies against specific pathogens.
  • To recognize and destroy infected cells.
  • To physically block the entry of pathogens into the body. (correct)

    • Which of the following is a component of internal defenses in the immune system?

  • Memory B cells
  • T cells
  • Antibodies
  • Inflammation (correct)

    • What is the role of NK cells in the immune system?

    <p>Recognizing and killing virus-infected cells and cancer cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is characterized by the production of antibodies by B cells?

    <p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes adaptive defenses from innate defenses in the immune system?

    <p>Adaptive defenses are specific to particular pathogens and provide long-term immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells mediate cellular immunity?

    <p>T8 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of class I MHC proteins?

    <p>Always recognized by CD8 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of complement fixation in antibody action?

    <p>Enhances the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antibodies in antigen-antibody complexes?

    <p>Inactivate and tag the antigen for destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are class II MHC proteins found?

    <p>On antigen-presenting cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of monoclonal antibodies in commercial use?

    <p>To provide passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity involves B cells encountering antigens and producing antibodies against them?

    <p>Active Humoral Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody class is the most abundant and diverse, crosses the placenta, and confers passive immunity?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of most clone cells in the process of clonal selection?

    <p>They become plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells can mount an immediate response to subsequent exposures of the same antigen?

    <p>Memory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibodies in the humoral immune response?

    <p>To prevent attachment of pathogens to cell surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune response occurs on the first exposure to a specific antigen, with a lag period of 3 to 6 days?

    <p>Primary immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key growth factor that encourages activated T cells to divide?

    <p>Interleukin 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells directly attack and kill virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and foreign cells from transplants?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to T cells without co-stimulation?

    <p>They become tolerant to antigens, are unable to divide, and do not secrete cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells interact directly with B cells to stimulate antibody formation?

    <p>Helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to achieve prevention of tissue rejection in organ transplants?

    <p>Immunosuppressive drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to immunodeficiency, resulting in severe weight loss, opportunistic infections, and other symptoms?

    <p>Hodgkin’s disease and AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key mechanism of the innate immune response?

    <p>Release of inflammatory chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of natural killer cells in the immune system?

    <p>Attacking and killing virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and foreign cells from transplants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of fever as a response to invading microorganisms?

    <p>Aiding in tissue repair and speeding up the metabolic rate at moderate levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are involved in the release of antimicrobial proteins like interferon and complement?

    <p>Phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of adaptive defenses in the immune system?

    <p>Mounting attacks against specific foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first line of defense provided by the immune system?

    <p>Surface barriers like skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are involved in the internal defenses of the innate immune system?

    <p>Macrophages and neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of surface barriers in the innate immune system?

    <p>Providing mechanical and chemical barriers against microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key mechanism of the innate immune response triggered by tissue injury?

    <p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of the inflammatory response?

    <p>Redness, heat, and swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antimicrobial proteins in the immune system's defense?

    <p>Attacking microorganisms directly and hindering their ability to reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the immune system's adaptive defenses?

    <p>Mounting attacks against specific foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is the neural control center for all endocrine systems in vertebrates?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is not mentioned as one of the major endocrine glands in humans?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

    <p>Linking the endocrine system to the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ has a secondary endocrine function in addition to its primary function?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of the endocrine system and its disorders known as?

    <p>Endocrinology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for the regulation of calcium levels in the body?

    <p>Parathyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ secretes the endocrine hormone erythropoietin?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to refer to glands that signal each other in sequence?

    <p>Endocrine cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system does the hypothalamus and pituitary glands belong to?

    <p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ has a secondary endocrine function and is part of the endocrine system?

    <p>Bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which embryonic structure is responsible for the primary synthesis of steroids during the early postnatal weeks?

    <p>Adult adrenal cortex zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of gestation are the parathyroid glands capable of physiological function?

    <p>14 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene plays an important role in the development of the parathyroid gland?

    <p>HOX15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which embryonic structure serves as the precursor of the thyroxine (T4) producing follicular cells?

    <p>Thickening of the pharyngeal floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Around which day of gestation do the two structures of the thyroid gland become apparent?

    <p>16 to 17 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of gestation is the fetal thyroid capable of storing iodine for the production of TRH, TSH, and free thyroid hormone?

    <p>12 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which embryonic cells are responsible for the development of the parafollicular calcitonin-secreting cells in the thyroid gland?

    <p>Caudal extensions of the fourth pharyngobranchial pouches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of gestation do the medial and lateral anlage of the thyroid gland fuse together?

    <p>50 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which embryonic structure develops into a bilobed structure at approximately 24 to 32 days of gestation?

    <p>Median anlage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of gestation does the embryo form five sets of endoderm-lined pharyngeal pouches?

    <p>Four weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Leptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for the production and secretion of aldosterone?

    <p>Adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily involved in the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in the body?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a neuroendocrine organ?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the pancreas secrete hormones to maintain homeostatic blood sugar levels?

    <p>Beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for the production and secretion of melatonin?

    <p>Pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the production and secretion of T3 and T4 by the thyroid gland?

    <p>Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine organ is derived from ectodermal cells?

    <p>Adrenal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine system is one of the first to develop during prenatal development?

    <p>Fetal endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immune System Defenses Overview

    • The immune system has two main defense systems: innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) defenses
    • Innate defenses include surface barriers (skin, mucous membranes) and internal defenses (phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammatory response)
    • Surface barriers like skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions are the first line of defense, providing mechanical and chemical barriers against microorganisms
    • Internal defenses involve cells like phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils) and natural killer cells that protect the body using nonspecific cellular and chemical mechanisms
    • Inflammation is a key mechanism of the innate immune response, triggered by tissue injury to prevent the spread of damaging agents and dispose of pathogens and cell debris
    • Inflammatory response involves the release of inflammatory chemicals, leading to signs like redness, heat, swelling, and pain
    • Inflammation also involves leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, and chemotaxis, followed by the release of antimicrobial proteins like interferon and complement
    • Antimicrobial proteins attack microorganisms directly and hinder their ability to reproduce, with interferon activating antiviral proteins and complement amplifying the inflammatory response
    • Fever is a response to invading microorganisms, with high fevers being dangerous and moderate fever aiding in tissue repair and speeding up the metabolic rate
    • The immune system's adaptive defenses involve humoral and cellular immunity, mounting attacks against specific foreign substances and working in conjunction with the innate system
    • The immune system's defenses play a crucial role in protecting the body from infections and maintaining overall health
    • The text also includes an assignment to find an autoimmune disease as part of a learning activity.

    Human Endocrine System Overview

    • Hormones can be amino acid complexes, steroids, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, or prostaglandins.
    • Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into interstitial spaces, absorbed into the blood, with no ducts and are vascular.
    • Major endocrine systems include feedback loops mediated via the hypothalamus and pituitary, involving hormones like TRH, TSH, GnRH, LH/FSH, CRH, ACTH, renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, leptin, and ghrelin.
    • Major glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus, and adrenal glands.
    • The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are neuroendocrine organs, part of the HPA axis which plays a role in cell signaling in the nervous system.
    • The endocrine system comprises cells like those in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, pineal gland, posterior pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, and pancreas.
    • The posterior pituitary gland stores and secretes hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.
    • The thyroid gland's follicular cells produce and secrete T3 and T4 in response to elevated levels of TRH and TSH.
    • The parathyroid gland's epithelial cells secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body.
    • The pancreas contains nearly 1 to 2 million islets of Langerhans, including alpha, beta, delta, and F cells that secrete hormones to maintain homeostatic blood sugar.
    • The fetal endocrine system is one of the first systems to develop during prenatal development.
    • The fetal adrenal cortex can be identified within four weeks of gestation and originates from the thickening of the intermediate mesoderm, with the adrenal medulla derived from ectodermal cells.

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    Test your knowledge of T cell activation, immune deficiencies, and the immune system's defenses with this quiz. Learn key points about T cell function, immune deficiencies, and the innate and adaptive immune system defenses. Master essential concepts for understanding the body's immune response and defense mechanisms.

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