Mastering the Phases of the Cardiac Cycle

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Questions and Answers

Which hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland and increases blood calcium levels?

Estrogen

Parathyroid hormone (correct)

Luteinizing hormone

Calcitonin

What is the main target tissue of calcitonin?

Kidneys

Thyroid

Bone (correct)

Liver

What is the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) in women?

Stimulates bone formation

Causes the release of progesterone and estrogen (correct)

Inhibits osteoclastic bone reabsorption

Increases blood calcium levels

Which type of immunity is characterized by antibodies found in the blood plasma?

Humoral immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T cell directly attacks infected cells?

Killer T cells Signup and view all the answers

Where are the axillary lymph nodes located?

Within the underarm and chest Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of lymph nodes?

Defense and hematopoiesis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is responsible for phagocytosis?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of thrombocytes in the blood clotting process?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of albumin in the blood?

To maintain osmotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of red blood cell formation called?

Erythropoiesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can trigger the release of norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla?

Hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which wave in an ECG represents the depolarization of the ventricles?

QRS complex Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of blood vessels is composed of endothelial tissue, collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle tissue?

Tunica media Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the purpose of the hepatic portal vein?

To filter blood before it reaches the inferior vena cava Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for regulating the production of a large volume of urine and increasing blood pressure?

Anti-Diuretic hormone (ADH) Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is responsible for the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Adrenal gland Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for accelerating the rate of glucose synthesis and glycogen formation, and has anti-inflammatory effects?

Glucocorticoids Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is responsible for producing melatonin, which is responsible for circadian rhythm and initiating sleepiness?

Pineal gland Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the cardiac cycle?

The atria contract simultaneously followed by relaxation and then contraction of the ventricles simultaneously. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?

The ventricles begin to contract and the AV valves close. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle?

The ventricles begin to contract and the SL valves close. Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for cardiac output?

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hormones and Glands

Parathyroid hormone, secreted by the parathyroid gland, increases blood calcium levels.
Calcitonin, produced by the thyroid gland, targets bone cells to reduce blood calcium levels.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) in women stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation.

Immunity and Blood

Humoral immunity is characterized by antibodies found in blood plasma.
Cytotoxic T cells directly attack infected cells.
Axillary lymph nodes are located in the armpits.

Blood Components and Functions

Lymph nodes filter the lymph and trap pathogens and foreign substances.
Neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, are responsible for phagocytosis.
Thrombocytes (platelets) play a crucial role in the blood clotting process.
Albumin, a protein in the blood, maintains osmotic pressure and transports molecules.

Blood Formation and Circulation

Erythropoiesis is the process of red blood cell formation.
The hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver.

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

Norepinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla in response to stress, but not in response to laughing.
The QRS complex in an ECG represents the depolarization of the ventricles.
The tunica intima, a layer of blood vessels, is composed of endothelial tissue, collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle tissue.

Hormones and Their Roles

Aldosterone regulates the production of a large volume of urine and increases blood pressure.
The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Cortisol accelerates the rate of glucose synthesis and glycogen formation, and has anti-inflammatory effects.
The pineal gland produces melatonin, regulating circadian rhythm and inducing sleepiness.

Cardiac Cycle

The cardiac cycle involves a series of events that generate a heartbeat.
During the Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction phase, the ventricles contract without a change in volume.
During the Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation phase, the ventricles relax without a change in volume.
The equation for cardiac output is CO = HR x SV, where CO is cardiac output, HR is heart rate, and SV is stroke volume.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the phases of the cardiac cycle and their importance in measuring blood flow, pressure changes, and volume. This quiz will cover the five steps involved in this crucial cardiovascular process.