The Autonomic Nervous System Quiz
74 Questions
0 Views

The Autonomic Nervous System Quiz

Created by
@TougherDerivative

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which neurotransmitter is released by cholinergic neurons?

  • Dopamine
  • Acetylcholine (correct)
  • Serotonin
  • Noradrenaline

    • What type of receptor responds to acetylcholine?

  • Cholinergic receptors (correct)
  • Adrenoceptors
  • Dopaminergic receptors
  • Serotonergic receptors

    • Which type of adrenoceptor is not mentioned as part of the autonomic nervous system?

  • Alpha
  • Delta
  • Gamma (correct)
  • Beta

    • Noradrenaline is primarily released by which type of neurons?

    <p>Adrenergic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the peripheral nervous system, which statement is accurate?

    <p>There are two types of cholinergic receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the vasodilator effects of M 3 receptors?

    <p>Release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors primarily mediate adrenergic effects in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Adrenoceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about transmitters in the autonomic responses is incorrect?

    <p>Noradrenaline is the only transmitter that contributes to autonomic responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does adrenaline play in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>It mediates effects through circulation from adrenal medulla.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the anatomy of the peripheral nervous system is true?

    <p>It includes both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT part of the autonomic nervous system responses listed?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the receptors and their effects best described in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Their locations and effects vary significantly by receptor type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chapter would most likely cover cholinergic receptor antagonists?

    <p>Chapter 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main effects of M3 receptors in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Vasodilation due to nitric oxide release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are described as G-protein coupled receptors in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the vasodilator effects mediated by M3 receptors occur?

    <p>By release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transmitter is involved in the responses of both adrenergic and cholinergic receptors?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding adrenergic receptors?

    <p>They are classified as G-protein coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological process is primarily mediated by circulating adrenaline?

    <p>Inhibition of insulin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does nitric oxide play in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>It mediates the effects of M3 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type mediates vasoconstriction effects within the autonomic system?

    <p>Alpha adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of activity do both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system exhibit?

    <p>They are both tonically active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Acetylcholine (ACh)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors do parasympathetic postganglionic neurons primarily bind to on the effector organ?

    <p>Muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the antagonistic relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

    <p>One system's activity enhances the other's.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for activating Nm receptors at the motor end plate?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors do sympathetic postganglionic neurons target on the effector organ?

    <p>Alpha and beta receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors do postganglionic parasympathetic nerves primarily interact with?

    <p>Muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the activities of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions on specific structures be characterized?

    <p>They can be discrete and independent or integrated and interdependent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the ganglia typically located in relation to effector cells?

    <p>Far from the effector cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the sympathetic system have on organ functions compared to the parasympathetic system?

    <p>It prepares the body for 'fight or flight' situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>It regulates involuntary bodily functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter released by postganglionic sympathetic nerves?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the functional independence of the enteric nervous system (ENS)?

    <p>It has enough integrative capabilities to function independently of the CNS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the enteric nervous system (ENS)?

    <p>It activates gastrointestinal motility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are activated by catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine in the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>α and β adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sympathetic stimulation affect the enteric nervous system (ENS)?

    <p>It inhibits gastrointestinal motility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with adrenergic neurons?

    <p>Noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors do cholinergic neurons utilize?

    <p>Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autonomic receptor type responds to the binding of noradrenaline?

    <p>Adrenoceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cholinoceptors in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>They respond to acetylcholine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of adrenoceptor?

    <p>Dopamine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the nature of adrenergic receptors in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>They are all G-protein coupled receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mediates the vasodilator effects associated with M3 receptors?

    <p>Release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter plays a role in mediating effects through adrenergic receptors?

    <p>Noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do adrenergic receptors influence the actions of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>By mediating responses through neurotransmitter secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect is NOT typically associated with adrenergic stimulation in the body?

    <p>Increased gastrointestinal motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do M3 receptors affect smooth muscle function?

    <p>They elicit relaxation by promoting nitric oxide production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the activation of adrenergic receptors lead to in the context of the heart?

    <p>Increased contractility and heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following responses is primarily triggered by the release of adrenaline in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Increased metabolic rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic fibres in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adrenergic receptors are mainly targeted by norepinephrine released by postganglionic sympathetic nerves?

    <p>Alpha and Beta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system typically located?

    <p>Near or within the target organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sympathetic stimulation generally affect gastrointestinal motility?

    <p>It inhibits motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter released by postganglionic parasympathetic nerves?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerves directly activate skeletal muscle at the motor end plate?

    <p>Somatic nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the enteric nervous system primarily regulates glandular secretion?

    <p>Submucosal plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the enteric nervous system (ENS)?

    <p>It can function independently of the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary second messenger formed upon activation of M1, M3, and M5 receptors?

    <p>Inositol triphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type causes increased potassium efflux upon activation?

    <p>M2 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do M3 receptors primarily mediate vasodilation in the body?

    <p>By releasing nitric oxide from endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do M2 and M4 receptor activation have on cyclic AMP levels?

    <p>Decrease cyclic AMP levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response is triggered in smooth muscles by IP3?

    <p>Increased calcium release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein are M1, M3, and M5 receptors coupled with?

    <p>Gαq proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects is NOT produced by the activation of M2 and M4 receptors?

    <p>Enhanced muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of diacylglycerol (DAG) in the signaling pathways of muscarinic receptors?

    <p>Activates protein kinase C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are Nm and Nn classified as?

    <p>Ligand-gated ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which G-protein subtype is associated with M1, M3, and M5 muscarinic receptors?

    <p>Gαq</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors lead to increased smooth muscle contraction when activated?

    <p>Muscarinic M1, M3, and M5 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of activating M2 and M4 muscarinic receptors on adenylyl cyclase?

    <p>Inhibition of the enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a subtype of muscarinic receptors?

    <p>N1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is released as a result of endothelial activation mediated by M3 receptors?

    <p>Nitric oxide (NO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Gαi protein when associated with muscarinic receptors?

    <p>Inhibit adenylyl cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which system are Nm receptors primarily found?

    <p>Neuromuscular junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Autonomic Nervous System

    • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an essential part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions.
    • The ANS has two main divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
    • Many processes in the ANS are controlled by opposing effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
    • The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses, while the parasympathetic nervous system promotes "rest and digest" actions.
    • The ANS innervates most viscera, and its actions on specific structures may be independent or interdependent.
    • The enteric nervous system (ENS) is located in the gut wall, regulates gastrointestinal processes and has the capability to function without direct signals from the central nervous system.

    Key Neurotransmitters

    • The key neurotransmitters in the ANS are acetylcholine (ACh) and noradrenaline (NA)
    • Cholinergic neurons release ACh and adrenergic neurons release NA.
    • There are two main types of ACh receptors: Nicotinic (nic) and muscarinic (mus), and two main types of NA receptors: α and β.

    Receptor Classifications

    • Receptors respond to the binding of specific neurotransmitters.
    • Cholinergic receptors are those that respond to ACh.
    • Adrenergic receptors are those that respond to NA or adrenaline.
    • Both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release Ach which binds to nicotinic (N) receptors, while the постganglionic neurons release neurotransmitters that bind to either muscarinic or adrenergic receptors.
    • The adrenal medulla is the primary source of circulating adrenaline which is released into the bloodstream after binding to nicotinic receptors.

    Sympathetic System Effects

    • Increased heart rate and contractility
    • Dilated pupils
    • Bronchodilation
    • Increased blood sugar levels
    • Increased sweat production
    • Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin and gut, except for the heart and skeletal muscles.

    Parasympathetic System Effects

    • Decrease heart rate and contractility
    • Constricted pupils
    • Increased digestive secretions
    • Bronchoconstriction
    • Increased gut motility
    • Increased urination
    • Increased salivary gland secretions

    Summary of Organ System Effects

    • The sympathetic system is involved in preparing the body for stress, promoting alertness and energy conservation.
    • The parasympathetic system is involved in restful activities, promoting digestion and energy conservation.
    • The ENS plays a crucial role in regulating gastrointestinal and digestive processes.

    Important Points

    • Both systems are tonically active.
    • The effects of a system are enhanced when the opposing system is inhibited.
    • Nerves and receptors can be categorized based on the specific neurotransmitter they release and bind to respectively.
    • The sympathetic system prepares the body for "fight or flight" actions, while the parasympathetic system promotes "rest and digest" actions.

    Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes

    • M1, M3, and M5 receptors are coupled with Gαq proteins
    • Activation of M1, M3, and M5 receptors stimulates phospholipase C
    • Inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) are formed from membrane phospholipids
    • IP3 increases calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in smooth muscles
    • IP3 promotes muscle contraction in smooth muscles
    • IP3 causes calcium release and glandular secretion in exocrine glands
    • IP3-activated calcium release in vascular endothelial cells stimulates nitric oxide synthesis
    • Nitric oxide synthesis leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation
    • M2 and M4 receptors are coupled with Gαi proteins
    • Activation of M2 and M4 receptors decreases cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels by inhibiting adenylate cyclase
    • M2 and M4 receptors increase potassium efflux
    • This creates an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
    • IPSP makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential

    Cholinergic Receptors

    • Cholinergic receptors are classified into nicotinic and muscarinic
    • Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels
    • Nicotinic receptors are found in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), autonomic ganglia and adrenal medulla
    • Muscarinic receptors are G-protein coupled receptors
    • Muscarinic receptors have five subtypes: M1 to M5, each with different locations and functions

    Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

    • ANS is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
    • Sympathetic nervous system uses adrenaline and noradrenaline as neurotransmitters
    • Parasympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter
    • The ANS regulates the function of involuntary muscles, glands, and internal organs
    • The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a network of nerves in the gut wall
    • ENS regulates gastrointestinal motility and glandular secretion
    • ENS can function independently of the central nervous system (CNS)
    • Sympathetic stimulation inhibits the ENS
    • Parasympathetic stimulation activates the ENS

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Anatomy and Physiology of PNS PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of the autonomic nervous system and its functions. This quiz covers the divisions of the ANS, key neurotransmitters, and how the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems interact. Discover how these systems control involuntary bodily functions and their roles in various processes.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser