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Questions and Answers
What is a distinctive feature of the female pelvis compared to the male pelvis?
What is a distinctive feature of the female pelvis compared to the male pelvis?
Which of the following statements about the femur is true?
Which of the following statements about the femur is true?
Which bone provides a mechanical advantage for muscular forces at the knee?
Which bone provides a mechanical advantage for muscular forces at the knee?
What is the main role of the talus in the foot's structure?
What is the main role of the talus in the foot's structure?
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How does body weight transfer occur when standing?
How does body weight transfer occur when standing?
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What is the primary purpose of the pectoral girdle?
What is the primary purpose of the pectoral girdle?
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Which of the following landmarks is found on the clavicle?
Which of the following landmarks is found on the clavicle?
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How many bones are in each upper limb?
How many bones are in each upper limb?
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What connects the scapula to the humerus?
What connects the scapula to the humerus?
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Which row of carpal bones starts at the thumb?
Which row of carpal bones starts at the thumb?
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What does the pelvic girdle consist of?
What does the pelvic girdle consist of?
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Which pelvic structure is more massive than the pectoral girdle?
Which pelvic structure is more massive than the pectoral girdle?
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What is a distinguishing feature of the male pelvis when compared to the female pelvis?
What is a distinguishing feature of the male pelvis when compared to the female pelvis?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding finger bones?
Which of the following statements is true regarding finger bones?
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What type of joint allows for a great range of motion but also joint instability in the pectoral girdle?
What type of joint allows for a great range of motion but also joint instability in the pectoral girdle?
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Study Notes
The Appendicular Skeleton
- Composed of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.
- Essential for movement and support, providing attachment points for muscles.
Pectoral Girdle
- Articulates the upper limbs with the trunk at the sternoclavicular joint.
- Comprised of the clavicle and scapula; includes the acromioclavicular joint.
- Incomplete structure lacking posterior bony union, allowing for increased mobility but decreased stability.
Clavicle
- Key features include acromial end, sternal end, and conoid tubercle.
- Orientation can be identified by distinguishing left from right.
Scapula
- Contains the spine, acromion process, glenoid fossa, and various fossa (supraspinous, infraspinous, subscapular).
- Bordered by superior, medial (vertebral), and lateral (axillary) sides.
Upper Limbs
- Total of 60 bones; articulates with the scapula via the humerus at the glenohumeral joint.
Humerus
- Articulates with the scapula at the glenohumeral joint and with radius/ulna at the elbow.
- Notable features include the head, greater/lesser tubercles, and various fossa (coronoid, radial, olecranon).
Radius and Ulna
- Radius has a head, neck, styloid process, and tuberosity.
- Ulna features olecranon process, coronoid process, and trochlear notch.
Carpal Bones
- Comprised of eight bones in two rows:
- Proximal: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform.
- Distal: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.
- Mnemonic for carpals: "Some lovers try positions that they can’t handle."
Metacarpals and Phalanges
- Metacarpals numbered I-V from the thumb.
- Each finger has three phalanges, except the thumb (two).
Pelvic Girdle
- More robust than the pectoral girdle, prioritizing stability over mobility.
- Composed of two os coxae formed by the fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Ilium
- Major landmarks: iliac crest, anterior/posterior superior/inferior iliac spines, greater sciatic notch.
Ischium
- Contains ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, and lesser sciatic notch.
Pubis
- Features include pubic symphysis and superior/inferior rami.
Pelvis
- Formed by hipbones, sacrum, and coccyx; divided into false (greater) and true (lesser) pelvis by the pelvic brim.
Male vs. Female Pelvis
- Female pelvis has a wider pelvic outlet, flared ilia, and greater subpubic angle (>100°).
- Male pelvis is generally narrower, with a subpubic angle <90°.
Lower Limbs
- Comprised of 60 bones; includes the longest bone in the body, the femur.
Femur
- Key features include head, neck, greater/lesser trochanters, and condyles.
Patella
- A large sesamoid bone providing mechanical advantage in knee function.
Tibia and Fibula
- Tibia features medial/lateral condyles, tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus.
- Fibula runs parallel to tibia and has a head and lateral malleolus.
Tarsal Bones and Foot
- Seven tarsal bones: talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, and cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral).
- Metatarsal and phalange structure resembles that of the hand.
- Weight transfer occurs from talus to calcaneus, then to metatarsals, along longitudinal and transverse arches.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the appendicular skeleton, including the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, their functions, and features. Explore the differences between male and female pelvic structures and how the skeleton reveals information about individuals. Additionally, learn about the effects of aging on the skeleton.
