Questions and Answers
Which part of the body does the pectoral (shoulder) girdle attach upper limbs?
Arm
What is the name of the bone that is anterior and commonly known as the collar bone?
Clavicle
The femur is the largest, longest, and the weakest bone in the body.
False
The hip girdle secures the __________ limbs.
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Match the following bones with their location on the body:
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What are the two types of girdles in the appendicular skeleton?
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Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?
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The scapulae connect directly in the back.
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The ___ articulates with the humerus.
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Match the following bones with their corresponding body part:
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Study Notes
The Appendicular Skeleton
- Consists of 2 pairs of limbs and 2 girdles
- Pectoral (shoulder) girdle attaches upper limbs
- Pelvic (hip) girdle secures lower limbs
Upper Limb
- 3-segmented: arm, forearm, and hand
- Arm (brachium):
- Between shoulder and elbow
- Consists of humerus bone
- Head of humerus fits into glenoid cavity of scapula
- Distal and medial, trochlea articulates with the ulna
- Distal and lateral, capitulum articulates with the radius
- Medial and lateral epicondyles
- Forearm (antebrachium):
- Consists of radius and ulna bones
- Radius is thinner proximally and wider distally
- Ulna is slightly longer and looks like a monkey wrench
- Interosseous membrane between them
- Hand:
- Consists of wrist (carpus), palm (metacarpus), and fingers (phalanges)
- Wrist has 8 carpal bones
- Palm has 5 metacarpals
- Fingers have 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)
Forearm Movement
- Pronation: forearm moves into prone position, radius crosses over ulna
- Supination: forearm moves back to anatomical position, radius returns to lateral position
Pelvic Girdle (Hip Girdle)
- Strongly attached to axial skeleton (sacrum)
- Deep sockets
- More stable than pectoral girdle, but less freedom of movement
- Made up of paired hip bones (os coxae)
- Hip bone consists of 3 separate bones in childhood that fuse: ilium, ischium, and pubis
Hip Bone
- Ilium:
- Iliac crest
- Anterior superior iliac spine
- Greater sciatic notch
- Forms part of acetabulum (hip socket)
- Ischium:
- Body
- Ramus
- Ischial spine
- Ischial tuberosity
- Part of socket
- Pubis:
- Joins medially in pubic symphysis
- Forms obturator foramen with ischium
- Part of socket
Pelvis and Childbearing
- Male/female differences:
- Large and heavy vs light and delicate
- Heart-shaped pelvic inlet vs oval
- Narrow deep true pelvis vs wide and shallow
- Narrow outlet vs wide
- Less than 90-degree pubic arch vs more than 90 degrees
- Birth canal changes shape as baby descends:
- Head turns ¼
- Higher: pelvic inlet (brim) - side to side largest
- Lower: pelvic outlet - largest in AP direction
Lower Limb
- Thigh: femur
- Leg: tibia and fibula
- Foot:
- Tarsus: 7 tarsal bones
- 5 metatarsals
- 14 phalanges
- Great toe is hallux
The Appendicular Skeleton
- Consists of 2 pairs of limbs and 2 girdles
- Pectoral (shoulder) girdle attaches upper limbs
- Pelvic (hip) girdle secures lower limbs
Upper Limb
- 3-segmented: arm, forearm, and hand
- Arm (brachium):
- Between shoulder and elbow
- Consists of humerus bone
- Head of humerus fits into glenoid cavity of scapula
- Distal and medial, trochlea articulates with the ulna
- Distal and lateral, capitulum articulates with the radius
- Medial and lateral epicondyles
- Forearm (antebrachium):
- Consists of radius and ulna bones
- Radius is thinner proximally and wider distally
- Ulna is slightly longer and looks like a monkey wrench
- Interosseous membrane between them
- Hand:
- Consists of wrist (carpus), palm (metacarpus), and fingers (phalanges)
- Wrist has 8 carpal bones
- Palm has 5 metacarpals
- Fingers have 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)
Forearm Movement
- Pronation: forearm moves into prone position, radius crosses over ulna
- Supination: forearm moves back to anatomical position, radius returns to lateral position
Pelvic Girdle (Hip Girdle)
- Strongly attached to axial skeleton (sacrum)
- Deep sockets
- More stable than pectoral girdle, but less freedom of movement
- Made up of paired hip bones (os coxae)
- Hip bone consists of 3 separate bones in childhood that fuse: ilium, ischium, and pubis
Hip Bone
- Ilium:
- Iliac crest
- Anterior superior iliac spine
- Greater sciatic notch
- Forms part of acetabulum (hip socket)
- Ischium:
- Body
- Ramus
- Ischial spine
- Ischial tuberosity
- Part of socket
- Pubis:
- Joins medially in pubic symphysis
- Forms obturator foramen with ischium
- Part of socket
Pelvis and Childbearing
- Male/female differences:
- Large and heavy vs light and delicate
- Heart-shaped pelvic inlet vs oval
- Narrow deep true pelvis vs wide and shallow
- Narrow outlet vs wide
- Less than 90-degree pubic arch vs more than 90 degrees
- Birth canal changes shape as baby descends:
- Head turns ¼
- Higher: pelvic inlet (brim) - side to side largest
- Lower: pelvic outlet - largest in AP direction
Lower Limb
- Thigh: femur
- Leg: tibia and fibula
- Foot:
- Tarsus: 7 tarsal bones
- 5 metatarsals
- 14 phalanges
- Great toe is hallux
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