Questions and Answers
What was President Kennedy's nickname for his domestic policy agenda?
What is the Peace Corps?
A federal agency created by President Kennedy in 1961 to promote voluntary service by Americans in foreign countries.
The Apollo program ran from 1961 to 1975.
True
What was the Berlin Wall?
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The European Economic Community was created by the Treaty of Paris in 1957.
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What was the Bay of Pigs invasion?
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What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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What were the Freedom Riders?
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What was the goal of the Voter Education Project?
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What was significant about the March on Washington in 1963?
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What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 aim to achieve?
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What is affirmative action?
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What was President Lyndon Johnson's term for his democratic policy agenda?
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What was the Freedom Summer?
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What was the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)?
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What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibit?
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What was the purpose of the Black Panther Party?
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What does Black Power signify?
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What was the Six-Day War?
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What was the Stonewall Rebellion?
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Who was Tom Hayden?
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Who was Robert F. Kennedy?
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What was Robert S. McNamara's role?
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Who was Ngo Dinh Diem?
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Who was James Meredith?
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Who was Lee Harvey Oswald?
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Who was Malcolm X?
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Who was Eugene McCarthy?
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Who was George C. Wallace?
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Study Notes
New Frontier
- President Kennedy's domestic policy agenda (1961-1963) reflecting youthful optimism.
- Included proposals for new initiatives such as the Peace Corps and improvements in education and healthcare.
Peace Corps
- Established in 1961 by President Kennedy to promote voluntary service abroad.
- Aimed to assist developing nations in enhancing their infrastructure, healthcare, and educational systems.
- Represented an effort by postwar liberals to spread American values through international collaboration.
Apollo Program
- Manned space flight initiative by NASA, operational from 1961 to 1975.
- Notable achievement: Apollo 11 landing on the moon on July 20, 1969.
Berlin Wall
- Erected in 1961 under Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev to prevent migration from East to West Berlin.
- Symbolized the ideological divide between communism and capitalism until its fall in 1989.
European Economic Community (EEC)
- Free trade zone formed by Treaty of Rome in 1957, initially included France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg.
- Evolved into the European Union, growing to 27 member states by 2005.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
- CIA operation in 1961 aimed at overthrowing Fidel Castro through an invasion by trained Cuban exiles.
- Resulted in failure, becoming a significant public relations disaster for Kennedy’s presidency.
Cuban Missile Crisis
- Occurred in October 1962, involving confrontation between Kennedy and Khrushchev over Soviets installing nuclear weapons in Cuba.
- Ended favorably for the U.S., but highlighted the threat of nuclear conflict.
Freedom Riders
- Diverse groups traveling by bus to protest racial segregation in the South, starting in 1961.
- Successfully raised awareness and support for the Civil Rights Movement.
Voter Education Project
- Launched from 1962 to 1968 by SNCC and civil rights groups to register disenfranchised black voters in the South.
- Aimed to empower citizens through grassroots civic engagement.
March on Washington
- Massive civil rights rally held in August 1963, advocating for legislation to protect African American rights.
- Featured Martin Luther King Jr.'s iconic "I Have a Dream" speech.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Comprehensive federal law prohibiting racial discrimination in public facilities.
- Strengthened the federal government's capability to combat segregation and discrimination in hiring practices.
Affirmative Action
- Initiated through a 1961 executive order from Kennedy aimed at preventing discrimination in federal employment.
- Evolved into policies requiring attention to minority groups under the Nixon administration.
Great Society
- Lyndon Johnson's 1964-1968 policy agenda aimed at eliminating poverty and promoting civil rights.
- Included the War on Poverty, Medicare, and Medicaid, extending welfare to the underserved.
Freedom Summer
- 1964 initiative aimed at registering black voters in Mississippi, attracting numerous activists.
- Met with significant violence, including the murder of three civil rights workers.
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)
- Formed in 1964 to contest Mississippi's lack of black representation at the Democratic National Convention.
- Failed to gain recognition but spurred continued efforts for voting rights.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
- Legislation prohibiting discriminatory voting practices, such as literacy tests.
- Expanded federal protections for voters, building upon the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Black Panther Party
- Founded in 1966 in Oakland, California, to protect African American rights through armed self-defense.
- Represented a shift towards a more militant approach within the civil rights movement.
Black Power
- Emerged after 1965, promoting racial pride and a distinct African heritage.
- Rejected pacifism and integration, advocating for self-determination and separation from oppressive systems.
Six-Day War
- 1967 conflict between Israel and neighboring Arab states resulting in significant territorial gains for Israel.
- Established continued conflict in the region due to territorial disputes.
Stonewall Rebellion
- 1969 uprising that ignited the modern gay rights movement following a police raid at a New York gay bar.
- Sparked increased activism and awareness regarding LGBTQ rights.
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
- Political organization founded in 1961 focusing on "participatory democracy."
- Played a vital role in the civil rights, anti-poverty, and antiwar movements.
Robert F. Kennedy
- Served as Attorney General under President Kennedy and later became an anti-war senator.
- Assassinated in 1968 while campaigning for the presidency.
Robert S. McNamara
- Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1968, known for formulating the "flexible response" strategy.
- Played a critical role in escalating U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.
Ngo Dinh Diem
- First President of South Vietnam (1954-1963), supported by the U.S. until his assassination during a coup.
James Meredith
- Civil rights leader known for his integration into the University of Mississippi, provoking governmental intervention against segregation.
Lee Harvey Oswald
- Assassinated President Kennedy on November 22, 1963; shot two days later while being transferred between jails.
Malcolm X
- Influential black militant and spokesperson for the Nation of Islam until 1964; advocated for separation from whites and was assassinated in 1965.
Eugene McCarthy
- Anti-war senator from Minnesota, gained significant youth support in his 1968 presidential campaign, influencing Johnson’s decision not to seek re-election.
George C. Wallace
- Southern governor notorious for upholding segregation laws; ran for president multiple times, achieving popularity as a third-party candidate in 1968.
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Description
Explore key terms and influential figures from Chapter 38 of The American Pageant 15th Edition. This quiz covers important concepts related to President Kennedy's New Frontier and initiatives like the Peace Corps. Test your knowledge on these pivotal elements of American history.
