57 Questions
What is the primary role of cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells)?
To directly attack and kill other cells that display the antigen they have been sensitized to.
Which of the following best describes the function of B cell memory?
B cell memory allows for a rapid and robust antibody response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
What is the primary role of T helper (TH) cells in the adaptive immune response?
TH cells coordinate the adaptive immune response by secreting cytokines.
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
Active immunity involves the production of antibodies or T cells after exposure to an antigen, while passive immunity involves the transfer of preformed antibodies or T cells from a donor.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between T helper (TH) cells and B cells?
TH cells coordinate the activation and differentiation of B cells through co-stimulation and cytokine signaling.
How do cytokines characteristic of TH1 and TH2 cells differ in their effects on the immune response?
TH1 cytokines indirectly promote inflammation, while TH2 cytokines directly attack and kill other cells.
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the production of IgG antibodies that bind to modified cells and make them susceptible to destruction?
Type II
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by the deposition of immune complexes and the activation of inflammatory cells and the complement cascade?
Type III
Which type of T helper cells produce cytokines that recruit and activate eosinophils, leading to their degranulation and tissue injury?
TH2 cells
Which of the following is NOT a function of TH1 cells?
Inducing macrophage differentiation in bone marrow
Which type of T cells recognize soluble antigens and release IFN-γ to activate macrophages, causing tissue injury?
TH1 cells
Which cytokines are produced by TH2 cells?
IL-4 and IL-5
What is the role of Tfh cells in the immune response?
Helping B cell switching
Which type of immune cells are responsible for direct cytotoxicity in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
CD8+ T cells
Which type of T cell is associated with CD8+ coreceptor molecules?
Cytotoxic T cells
What is the primary role of B cells in the immune system?
Producing antibodies
Which type of shock is associated with third spacing of fluids?
Hypovolaemic shock
Curling ulcers are most commonly associated with which condition?
Burns
What type of risk is associated with cancer, according to the text?
Risk of cardiac arrhythmia
What is the term for SCC that arises from non-healing wounds, such as burns?
Marjolin ulcer
In electrical burns, what is a common offending agent-related complication?
Arrhythmia
Which of the following is a potential risk associated with frictional injuries?
Risk of TBI
Which classification of burn involves healing that can take several months with long-term scarring?
2nd degree deep partial-thickness burn
Inadequate end organ perfusion can lead to which of the following conditions?
Acute kidney injury
What is the primary concern when discussing the 'shocked state' according to the text?
Curling ulcer
"Post-burn hypermetabolism" is a complication typically seen in which type of burn?
3rd degree burn
Which of the following is NOT a type of risk mentioned in the text?
Frictional - risk of Curling ulcer
Which condition is primarily associated with inhalation injury, as discussed in the text?
Increased work of breathing
Which of the following is a consequence of thermal burns with a high total body surface area (TBSA) involvement?
Massive inflammatory response leading to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
What is the primary cause of hypovolaemic shock in patients with extensive burns?
Increased vascular permeability leading to fluid loss
Which of the following is a risk factor for compartment syndrome in patients with circumferential burns?
Formation of eschars (dried, necrotic skin tissue)
Which type of shock is associated with radiation burns?
Radiation poisoning
Which of the following is a consequence of the postburn hypermetabolic state?
Significant weight loss and muscle wasting
Which zone of burn injury is characterized by coagulative necrosis and is considered irreversible?
Zone of coagulation
Which type of shock is characterized by a decrease in systemic vascular resistance?
Distributive shock
What is the main cause of cardiogenic shock?
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Which of the following is a common symptom of hypovolemic shock?
Dehydration
Which type of shock is characterized by a critical reduction in blood flow, leading to cellular dysfunction?
All of the above
Which type of shock is associated with third spacing of fluids?
Septic shock
What is the primary treatment for hypovolemic shock?
Fluid resuscitation
What is the primary characteristic of septic shock?
Fever and chills
Which type of shock is commonly associated with widespread inflammation and organ damage?
Septic shock
What is the main focus of treatment for hypovolemic shock?
Providing fluid resuscitation
Which type of shock involves addressing the underlying cause and often using vasopressors for treatment?
Hypovolemic shock
What distinguishes distributive shock from other types of shock?
Widespread inflammation and organ damage
What is a potential complication of mismanaged fluid resuscitation?
Hyperkalemia
Which type of shock is characterized by obstructed blood flow leading to decreased cardiac output?
Cardiogenic shock
What type of solution is commonly used for fluid resuscitation to improve organ perfusion?
Isotonic crystalloid solution
In which type of shock does inadequate cardiac function lead to systemic hypoperfusion?
Cardiogenic shock
Which of the following is a potential complication of fluid resuscitation in the context of hemorrhagic shock?
Compartment syndrome
What is the primary aim of fluid resuscitation in the context of cardiogenic shock?
Improve organ perfusion
What is the primary cause of obstructive shock?
An obstruction in the blood vessels, preventing adequate circulation of blood
Which of the following conditions can lead to cardiogenic shock?
Myocardial infarction
What is a common symptom of obstructive shock that may be observed?
Cool extremities
Which of the following is NOT a potential treatment approach for obstructive shock?
Fluid resuscitation
What is a common symptom of cardiogenic shock that may be observed?
Shortness of breath
Which type of shock is most likely to require fluid resuscitation as part of the treatment approach?
Hypovolemic shock
Test your knowledge on cytokines characteristic of TH1, TH2, TH17, and cytotoxic T cells. Explore the functions of these cells in promoting inflammation, defending against pathogens, and directly attacking other cells. Compare CD8+ T cells with NK cells in recognizing antigens and causing cell lysis.
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