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Questions and Answers
What percentage do textiles contribute to foreign exchange profits?
What percentage do textiles contribute to foreign exchange profits?
Which technique was used to make cotton textiles in ancient India?
Which technique was used to make cotton textiles in ancient India?
Which regions initially developed the cotton textile industry?
Which regions initially developed the cotton textile industry?
What industry is closely connected to the cotton textile sector?
What industry is closely connected to the cotton textile sector?
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Why does India struggle to produce high-quality fabrics?
Why does India struggle to produce high-quality fabrics?
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Where are most of the jute mills located in India?
Where are most of the jute mills located in India?
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What geographical feature is crucial for the jute mills' operation in West Bengal?
What geographical feature is crucial for the jute mills' operation in West Bengal?
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What is the main raw material used in the aluminium smelting process?
What is the main raw material used in the aluminium smelting process?
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Which property of aluminium makes it a popular substitute for steel in aviation manufacturing?
Which property of aluminium makes it a popular substitute for steel in aviation manufacturing?
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Which of the following statements about India’s cotton industry is true?
Which of the following statements about India’s cotton industry is true?
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What is one of the major factors for the location of aluminium smelting plants?
What is one of the major factors for the location of aluminium smelting plants?
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Which type of fertilizers is primarily produced in the fertilizer industry of India?
Which type of fertilizers is primarily produced in the fertilizer industry of India?
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Where are organic chemical plants commonly located?
Where are organic chemical plants commonly located?
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What is a significant aspect of the chemical industry in India?
What is a significant aspect of the chemical industry in India?
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Which nutrient is completely imported in the Indian fertilizer industry?
Which nutrient is completely imported in the Indian fertilizer industry?
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What is one common use of inorganic chemicals produced in the chemical industry?
What is one common use of inorganic chemicals produced in the chemical industry?
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Which states contribute to half of the fertilizer production in India?
Which states contribute to half of the fertilizer production in India?
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Which type of industry primarily focuses on producing nitrogenous fertilizers?
Which type of industry primarily focuses on producing nitrogenous fertilizers?
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What is a key characteristic of the Cement Industry in India?
What is a key characteristic of the Cement Industry in India?
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What is one major benefit of the Electronics Industry in India?
What is one major benefit of the Electronics Industry in India?
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Which Indian state is known as the electronic capital of the country?
Which Indian state is known as the electronic capital of the country?
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Which cities are major centers for automobile manufacturing in India?
Which cities are major centers for automobile manufacturing in India?
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What type of fertilizers are included in the focus of the Fertiliser Industry?
What type of fertilizers are included in the focus of the Fertiliser Industry?
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What crucial factor contributed to the growth of the automobile industry in India?
What crucial factor contributed to the growth of the automobile industry in India?
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Which type of pollution involves high levels of sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide?
Which type of pollution involves high levels of sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide?
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What is a major source of water pollution?
What is a major source of water pollution?
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What type of pollution is specifically mentioned as the result of hot water dumping?
What type of pollution is specifically mentioned as the result of hot water dumping?
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Which of the following is a consequence of noise pollution?
Which of the following is a consequence of noise pollution?
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What is a primary effect of nuclear pollution?
What is a primary effect of nuclear pollution?
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What causes soil and water pollution as cited in the content?
What causes soil and water pollution as cited in the content?
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Which of the following measures is suggested to reduce freshwater pollution?
Which of the following measures is suggested to reduce freshwater pollution?
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What type of pollution results from industrial activities and machinery noise?
What type of pollution results from industrial activities and machinery noise?
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What is the primary focus of industrial effluent treatment's secondary treatment process?
What is the primary focus of industrial effluent treatment's secondary treatment process?
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Which method is NOT associated with air pollution control measures?
Which method is NOT associated with air pollution control measures?
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In the context of groundwater management, what is the main objective of regulating withdrawal?
In the context of groundwater management, what is the main objective of regulating withdrawal?
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What strategy does NTPC NOT implement as part of its environmental initiatives?
What strategy does NTPC NOT implement as part of its environmental initiatives?
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Which of the following describes the focus of sustainable development?
Which of the following describes the focus of sustainable development?
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Study Notes
Textiles in India
- Contributes to foreign exchange profits at 24.6%.
- Is self-sufficient and comprehensive throughout the value chain.
- From raw materials to high value-added products.
Cotton Textiles in India
- Cotton textiles were made in ancient India using hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques.
- Power looms became popular after the 18th century.
- Traditional businesses suffered during the colonial period due to competition from mill-made textiles from England.
Cotton Industry in 18th Century
- Developed in cotton-growing regions of Maharashtra and Gujarat due to factors like:
- Availability of raw cotton.
- Suitable climate.
- Accessible market and transport facilities.
- Labor availability.
- Closely connected to agriculture, providing livelihoods for farmers, cotton boll pluckers, and workers in various production stages.
- Supports other sectors like chemicals and dyes, packaging materials, and engineering works.
- Spinning is concentrated in Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu.
- Weaving is decentralized, incorporating traditional skills and designs.
- India excels in spinning production but faces challenges in producing high-quality fabrics due to limitations in weaving technology and inability to fully utilize high-quality yarn.
- Weaving is done through handloom, powerloom, and mills.
- The handspun khadi industry, a cottage industry, provides significant employment opportunities for weavers.
Jute Textiles
- India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods.
- It is the second largest exporter of jute goods after Bangladesh.
Jute Industry
- Most jute mills are located in West Bengal, along the banks of the Hugli river.
- Proximity to jute-producing areas is a factor in their location.
- Availability of inexpensive water transport is another contributing factor.
- A good network of railways, roadways, and waterways facilitates raw material movement.
- The Hugli river provides abundant water for processing raw jute.
Aluminium Smelting
- The second most important metallurgical industry in India.
- Aluminum is known for its light weight, corrosion resistance, good heat conductivity, malleability, and strength when mixed with other metals.
- Used in manufacturing aircraft, utensils, and wires.
- Has gained popularity as a substitute for steel, copper, zinc, and lead in various industries.
- Aluminium smelting plants are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.
- Bauxite, a bulky reddish colored rock, is the raw material used in smelting.
- Availability of regular electricity supply and affordable raw materials are key factors in plant location.
Chemical Industries
- Rapidly growing and diversifying industry in India.
- Consists of both large and small-scale manufacturing units.
- Significant growth in both inorganic and organic sectors.
- Inorganic chemicals are widely produced and used in various industries.
- Organic chemicals are used in manufacturing synthetic fibers, rubber, plastics, dyes, drugs, and pharmaceuticals.
- Organic chemical plants are usually located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
- The chemical industry is a major consumer of its own products.
- Basic chemicals are processed to produce other chemicals used in industrial applications, agriculture, or consumer markets.
Fertilizer Industry
- Primarily focuses on producing nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers, ammonium phosphate (DAP), and complex fertilizers.
- Nitrogenous fertilizers, particularly urea, are the main products.
- Complex fertilizers contain nitrogen, phosphate, and potash.
- Potash is entirely imported as India has no commercially usable reserves of potash or potassium compounds.
- The industry expanded to various parts of the country after the Green Revolution.
- Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Kerala contribute to half of the fertilizer production.
- Other significant producers include Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka.
The Fertilizer Industry is the answer to the question:
- Which industry in India primarily focuses on producing nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers, ammonium phosphate (DAP), and complex fertilizers?
Cement Industry
- Essential for various construction activities, including building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams, and commercial establishments.
- Requires large and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, and gypsum.
- Also relies on coal and electric power, as well as rail transportation.
- Plants are strategically located in Gujarat, India, for convenient access to the Gulf countries' market.
Automobile Industry
- Automobiles in India are used for quick transportation of goods and passengers.
- Various types of vehicles are manufactured, including trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, three-wheelers, and utility vehicles.
- Economic liberalization led to the introduction of new vehicle models, increasing market demand.
- This resulted in growth in the automobile industry, including production of passenger cars, two-wheelers, and three-wheelers.
- The automobile industry is mainly located around major cities like Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur, and Bengaluru.
Information Technology and Electronics Industry
- Encompasses a wide range of products like transistor sets, televisions, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchanges, radars, and computers.
- Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India.
- Other important centers for electronic goods include Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, and Coimbatore.
- Major industry concentration is found in Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Pune.
- Generates employment opportunities.
- Growth in both hardware and software sectors is crucial for the success of the IT industry in India.
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
- Although industries contribute significantly to India's economic growth and development, their impact on environmental degradation cannot be ignored.
- Industries are responsible for four types of pollution:
- Air
- Water
- Land
- Noise
Air Pollution
- High levels of sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide, particulate matter from smoke and industrial activities.
- Sources include factories, chemical plants, and fossil fuel burning.
- Impacts include harm to health, animals, plants, buildings, and contributes to climate change.
Water Pollution
- Caused by discharge of industrial wastes, including dyes, detergents, heavy metals, and pesticides.
- Sources include textile, chemical, petroleum refineries, and tanneries.
- Impacts include thermal pollution affecting aquatic life; nuclear waste causing severe health issues; soil contamination impacting groundwater.
Thermal Pollution
- Occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
- Disrupts aquatic life by altering water temperature.
Nuclear Pollution
- Caused by waste from nuclear power plants and weapon production.
- Leads to cancers, birth defects, and miscarriages.
Soil and Water Pollution
- Dumping of wastes, especially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts, and garbage, renders the soil useless.
- Contaminates soil and groundwater; rainwater carries pollutants into the soil.
Noise Pollution
- Caused by industrial activities, machinery, and construction work.
- Impacts include hearing impairment, increased heart rate, blood pressure, and stress.
The answer to the question:
- What are the main types of pollution caused by industries?
- Air, water, land, noise
Control of Environmental Degradation
Reduction of Freshwater Pollution
- Minimize Water Use: Reuse and recycle water in multiple stages.
- Rainwater Harvesting: Collect and use rainwater for various needs.
- Effluent Treatment: Treat hot water and effluents before releasing into water bodies.
Industrial Effluent Treatment
- Primary Treatment: Mechanical processes such as screening, grinding, flocculation, and sedimentation.
- Secondary Treatment: Biological processes to further clean the water.
- Tertiary Treatment: Advanced biological, chemical, and physical processes for recycling wastewater.
- Groundwater Management:
- Regulate Withdrawal: Legally control excessive groundwater extraction to protect resources.
Air Pollution Control
- Reduce Particulate Matter: Install electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers, and inertial separators in smoke stacks.
- Switch Fuel: Use oil or gas instead of coal to lower smoke emissions.
- Noise Reduction: Equip machinery with silencers, use noise-absorbing materials, and redesign machinery for efficiency.
Sustainable Development
- Integrate economic development with environmental concerns to achieve long-term sustainability.
NTPC Shows the Way
- Committed to environmental management with ISO 14001 certification.
- Focuses on:
- Optimizing Equipment: Using advanced techniques and upgrading machinery.
- Minimizing Waste: Enhancing ash utilization.
- Maintaining Green Belts: Supporting ecological balance and afforestation.
- Reducing Pollution: Managing ash ponds, recycling ash water, and handling liquid waste.
- Monitoring: Conducting ecological reviews and managing data for power stations.
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Description
Explore the rich history and significance of textiles in India, particularly focusing on cotton. This quiz delves into the evolution of cotton textiles, the impact of colonialism, and the industry's development in the 18th century. Learn about the interconnectedness of cotton production with agriculture and various related sectors.
