79 Questions
What is the primary function of the face of a carpet?
Forming the wearing surface
Which part of the carpet is responsible for providing tuft lock and resilience in stretching?
Latex adhesive
What is the role of the secondary backing in a carpet?
It protects the yarn at the back of the carpet
Which method of manufacturing carpets is described as less expensive and faster to produce than woven carpets?
Tufting
Which component of a carpet provides dimensional stability?
Secondary backing
What does 'face weight' refer to in terms of carpet materials?
How much yarn is used on the surface of the carpet
Which count is used to measure yarn weight in terms of number of running yards in one ounce of finished yarn?
Woolen Count
How is a 2,500 denier yarn defined?
It weighs 2,500 grams per 9000 meters
What term describes how many strands of yarn are twisted together to create one pile yarn?
Ply
Which type of carpet pile has a smooth cut surface and is sometimes called velvet plush when densely packed?
Cut Pile Plush
What is a characteristic of Twist/Frieze carpets?
Heat treated to make it resilient and give a grainy appearance
What is the main use of carpets?
Floor covering
Which natural fiber is the most expensive for carpet manufacturing?
Wool
From which country does the wool noted for its gloss and natural resistance to soiling come?
Argentina
Which type of wool is among the most luxurious and costly?
Iraqi Wool
Which characteristic is true for Sisal fiber?
Inflexible and stiff
What is a common characteristic of New Zealand wool used in carpets?
It absorbs dye easily.
Which fiber is produced from the leaves of the agave plant?
Sisal
Historically, what other uses did the term 'carpet' refer to?
Table and wall coverings
What is pile density in carpet construction?
The weight of pile yarn in a given volume of carpet face
Which factor of carpet construction measures the number of times per inch a stitch occurs?
Stitch rate
What does gauge measure in the context of carpet construction?
The distance between the needles
What is the significance of a higher pile height in carpets?
More yarn on the wearing surface and more durability
What does the term 'pitch' refer to in carpet construction?
The number of ends in a 27-inch width of carpet
What is face weight in the context of carpet construction?
The weight of the pile yarn above and below the backing measured in ounces per square yard
What are the terms used for ends per inch lengthwise in Axminster and Wilton carpets?
Rows and wires
How is the pile height referred to in woven carpets?
Wire height
Which weaving process is named after a town in England and uses perforated cards to control the pattern creation?
Wilton
Which type of woven carpet requires power stretching and hand-sewn seams for proper installation?
Woven
Which type of weaving process is considered the least complex and most inexpensive?
Velvet
Which method inserts colored yarns individually as required by the design, emulating hand-weaving?
Axminster
In which type of carpet is a coating of latex given to the back for additional strength and body?
Knitted
Which type of weaving process uses floral-patterned hotel lobby carpets as an example?
Wilton
Which kind of carpet formation utilizes hundreds of barbed needles punching through a layer of fiber?
Needlepunched
Which characteristic is unique to Axminster weaving and hinders the carpet from being rolled crosswise?
Heavily Ribbed Backing
What is the primary purpose of a primer in painting?
To provide adhesion for subsequent coats
What type of weaving is used if a carpet is plush with more yarn in the wear surface?
Knitted
Which type of weaving process uses three sets of needles to loop pile backing yarn and the stitching yarns together?
Knitting
What is the characteristic of a fresco painting?
It becomes part of the plaster
Which term describes the swelling and standing up of wood grain due to water absorption?
Grain raising
What material is used to set glass in window frames?
Glazing compound
What is the main purpose of gilding in decoration?
To apply a gold finish
What does rivelling in paint refer to?
Wrinkles occurring in the paint film as it dries
What technique involves using heat hardened spirit based varnishes to create a finish?
Japanning
Which fiber is known for being eco-friendly and incredibly stain resistant?
Maize
What is used to thin coatings in painting?
Thinners
Which fiber is most likely to deteriorate and fade or darken in sunlight?
Jute
Which fiber is most commonly used in outdoor carpeting?
Polypropylene Olefins
Which synthetic fiber is resistant to sunlight, stains, and mildew, and has low static build-up?
Acrylic
Which fiber is known for withstanding heavy foot traffic and excellent durability?
Nylon
Which fiber is used to make flat weaves or cut pile rugs and mats due to its toughness and resistance to pilling?
Coir
Which fiber is known for its low-cost and economical nature while being comparable to nylon in durability and wear resistance?
Polypropylene Olefins
Which natural fiber is unfriendly to insects and known for its strong and flexible hair-like structure?
Coir
What is the advantage of Level Loop Pile carpet?
It conceals soilage and hides footprints.
Which type of pile adds a degree of warmth to an all-loop pile?
Combination Loop and Cut Pile
What type of dyeing produces about 1,000 yards of dyed carpet?
Open Beck Dyeing
What does 'Recessing' involve in sculptured textures?
Weaving a design into a low level
Which dyeing method allows manufacturers to respond quickly to market needs?
Piece Dyeing
Which method of dyeing achieves a very consistent level of color and circulates the carpet loop under a jet of dye liquor?
Jet Beck Dyeing
In which dyeing method are different colors printed along the length of the yarn before it is manufactured into carpet?
Space Dyeing
Which sculptured texture process is used to accentuate and give dimension to a multi-color design rug?
Hairline Carving
What characterizes Multilevel loop pile?
It produces sculptured patterns.
Which method is opposite of differential dyeing and produces no discernible pattern?
Resist Dyeing
What effect does Random Shear have on carpet design?
Creates tonal contrast between cut and uncut loops.
What type of printing deposits the design on the face of the carpet using embossed cylinders?
Roller Printing
In dyeing methods, what is a characteristic advantage of postdyeing?
It gives manufacturers a swift market response.
Which printing method uses rows of closely spaced jets to spray the carpet with color?
Jet Printing
What is the name of the dyeing method where spun yarns are wound on large perforated forms?
Package Dyeing
In which dyeing process are carpets dyed in a continuous production line?
Continuous Dyeing
Which of the following cushion types provides a firm feel underfoot?
fiber cushions
Which installation method is usually employed with a bonded carpet?
Direct Glue-down
Which type of sponge rubber cushion provides a softer feel?
ripple sponge rubber
Which type of polyurethane foam cushion is denser and resistant to bottoming out?
Densified prime polyurethane foam
Which installation method combines underfoot comfort with stability?
Double Glue-down
What type of cushion would you recommend for natural fiber pads to prevent mold and mildew?
Fiber cushions with antimicrobial treatments
Which installation method is most commonly used for residential applications?
Stretch-In Installation
Which type of cushion is made by needlepunching natural and/or synthetic fiber into a feltlike pad?
Fiber cushions
Which glue-down installation method is most dimensionally stable?
Direct Glue-down
What is the latest development in carpet installation techniques called?
Self-stick
Study Notes
Materials of Decoration
Fresco, Gilding, and Other Decorative Materials
- Fresco: a method of painting on wet plaster with tempera colors, which absorbs the pigment and becomes part of the plaster.
- Gilding: the application of a gold finish, achieved by applying gold leaf or metallic powders.
- Glazing Compound: a putty used to set glass in window frames and fill nail holes and cracks.
- Graining: a painted imitation of wood fiber lines.
- Grain Raising: the swelling and standing up of wood grain caused by absorbed water and solvents.
- Japanning: a type of varnishing that imitates lacquering work from the East, used from the 1660s.
- Lacquering: a glossy type of paint finish, usually applied by spraying.
Carpet
Definition and Types of Fibers
- Definition: a general designation for fabric used as floor covering, providing softness, resilience, and warmth.
- Types of fibers:
- Natural fibers: wool, sisal, jute, cotton, maize, coir
- Synthetic fibers: nylon, acrylic, modacrylic, polyester, polypropylene olefins
Parts of a Carpet
- Face: the upright ends of yarn, forming the wearing surface
- Primary backing: the canvas on which yarns are woven
- Latex adhesive: a synthetic rubber compound that glues the roots of the yarn to the primary backing
- Secondary backing: a cotton mesh cloth bonded to the primary backing
Methods of Manufacturing Carpets
- Tufting: a less expensive and faster method of producing affordable floor coverings
- Weaving: a more labor-intensive and expensive method of creating a strong and stable carpet
- Types of weaving processes:
- Velvet: a simple and inexpensive type of weaving
- Wilton: a weaving process that uses a modified Jacquard loom
- Axminster: a weaving process that uses a knitting machine
Factors to Consider in Carpet Construction
- Pile density: the weight of pile yarn in a given volume of carpet face
- Widthwise density measurement:
- Gauge: the distance between the needles
- Pitch: the number of ends in a 27-inch width of carpet
- Lengthwise density measurement:
- Stitch rate: the number of times per inch a stitch occurs
- Pile height: the length of the tuft from the primary backing to the tip
Textures of Carpets
- Cut Pile:
- Cut Pile Plush: a smooth cut pile with uniform surface
- Saxony Plush: a thicker, more dense pile with a less defined look
- Twist/Frieze: a very tightly twisted yarn that is heat-treated
- Shag: a multi-directional, high pile surface
- Loop Pile:
- Level Loop Pile: a uniform uncut loop surface
- Multilevel Loop Pile: a surface with different pile heights
- Combination Loop and Cut Pile: a combination of loop and cut pile
Sculptured Textures
- Carving: a process of incising a design into a carpet or rug
- Hairline Carving: a process of accentuating a design
- Recessing: a process of weaving a design in a low level
- Embossing: a process of weaving a design in a higher level
- Beveling: a process of rounding off parts of a carpet
Methods of Coloring
- Dyeing: a process of coloring carpet fibers
- Predyeing methods:
- Stock Dyeing
- Skein or Yarn Dyeing
- Solution Dyeing
- Postdyeing methods:
- Piece Dyeing
- Jet Beck Dyeing
- Pad Dyeing
- Differential/Cross-Dyeing
Other Types of Dyeing
- Space Dyeing: a process of printing different colors along the length of the yarn
- Resist Dyeing: a process of treating yarn to resist additional dyes
- Continuous Dyeing: a process of dyeing carpet in a continuous production line
- Package Dyeing: a process of dyeing spun yarns on large perforated forms
- Random Multicolor Dyeing: a process of achieving a random dye application
Printing
- Screen Printing: a process of applying a design to carpet using flat templates
- Deep-Dye Printing: a process of applying a design to carpet using an electrostatic charge
- Roller Printing: a process of applying a design to carpet using embossed cylinders
- Jet Printing: a process of applying a design to carpet using rows of closely spaced jets
Carpet Cushion or Underlay
- Definition: a foundation that increases wearability, provides added insulation, and deadens sound
- Types of cushions:
- Fiber cushions: made by needlepunching natural or synthetic fibers
- Sponge rubber cushions: made from flat sponge, ripple sponge, or reinforced foam rubber### Polyurethane Foam Cushion
- Three types of polyurethane foam cushion: bonded, modified prime, and densified prime urethane foam.
- These types have similar chemical compositions but differ in cellular structure, affecting performance.
- Bonded foam is manufactured from scraps of foam bonded together through adhesive and heat fusion process.
- Modified prime foam is manufactured in a continuous sheet and may contain fillers.
- Densified foam is denser than modified prime foam and highly resistant to bottoming out.
Installation Methods
- Tackless Stripping (or Stretch-In Installation): traditional installation method for residential applications and commercial woven wool carpets.
- Glue-down Method: used with bonded carpet, high density foam rubber is used as the secondary backing and cemented directly to the floor.
- Direct Glue-down: most common method of commercial installation, economical and practical, carpet is glued directly to the floor without a cushion.
- Double Glue-down: combines underfoot comfort of stretch-in installation with stability of direct glue-down, carpet cushion is adhered to the floor and carpet is glued to the cushion.
- Self-stick: latest development in carpet installation techniques, flexible adhesive layer is applied to carpet backing, labor and time are eliminated.
Rugs
- Definition: a single piece of compact, woven, knitted, or tufted fabric with borders, intended as a floor covering.
- Manufactured from natural or man-made fibers, produced in various lengths, widths, and shapes.
- Each rug is a separate unit, meant to cover only a portion of the floor area, not the whole floor.
Learn about different methods of piece dyeing in textiles, including jig dyeing, winch dyeing, and open and jet beck dyeing. Understand the processes and techniques used to achieve consistent color.
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