Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the face of a carpet?
What is the primary function of the face of a carpet?
Which part of the carpet is responsible for providing tuft lock and resilience in stretching?
Which part of the carpet is responsible for providing tuft lock and resilience in stretching?
What is the role of the secondary backing in a carpet?
What is the role of the secondary backing in a carpet?
Which method of manufacturing carpets is described as less expensive and faster to produce than woven carpets?
Which method of manufacturing carpets is described as less expensive and faster to produce than woven carpets?
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Which component of a carpet provides dimensional stability?
Which component of a carpet provides dimensional stability?
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What does 'face weight' refer to in terms of carpet materials?
What does 'face weight' refer to in terms of carpet materials?
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Which count is used to measure yarn weight in terms of number of running yards in one ounce of finished yarn?
Which count is used to measure yarn weight in terms of number of running yards in one ounce of finished yarn?
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How is a 2,500 denier yarn defined?
How is a 2,500 denier yarn defined?
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What term describes how many strands of yarn are twisted together to create one pile yarn?
What term describes how many strands of yarn are twisted together to create one pile yarn?
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Which type of carpet pile has a smooth cut surface and is sometimes called velvet plush when densely packed?
Which type of carpet pile has a smooth cut surface and is sometimes called velvet plush when densely packed?
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What is a characteristic of Twist/Frieze carpets?
What is a characteristic of Twist/Frieze carpets?
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What is the main use of carpets?
What is the main use of carpets?
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Which natural fiber is the most expensive for carpet manufacturing?
Which natural fiber is the most expensive for carpet manufacturing?
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From which country does the wool noted for its gloss and natural resistance to soiling come?
From which country does the wool noted for its gloss and natural resistance to soiling come?
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Which type of wool is among the most luxurious and costly?
Which type of wool is among the most luxurious and costly?
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Which characteristic is true for Sisal fiber?
Which characteristic is true for Sisal fiber?
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What is a common characteristic of New Zealand wool used in carpets?
What is a common characteristic of New Zealand wool used in carpets?
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Which fiber is produced from the leaves of the agave plant?
Which fiber is produced from the leaves of the agave plant?
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Historically, what other uses did the term 'carpet' refer to?
Historically, what other uses did the term 'carpet' refer to?
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What is pile density in carpet construction?
What is pile density in carpet construction?
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Which factor of carpet construction measures the number of times per inch a stitch occurs?
Which factor of carpet construction measures the number of times per inch a stitch occurs?
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What does gauge measure in the context of carpet construction?
What does gauge measure in the context of carpet construction?
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What is the significance of a higher pile height in carpets?
What is the significance of a higher pile height in carpets?
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What does the term 'pitch' refer to in carpet construction?
What does the term 'pitch' refer to in carpet construction?
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What is face weight in the context of carpet construction?
What is face weight in the context of carpet construction?
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What are the terms used for ends per inch lengthwise in Axminster and Wilton carpets?
What are the terms used for ends per inch lengthwise in Axminster and Wilton carpets?
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How is the pile height referred to in woven carpets?
How is the pile height referred to in woven carpets?
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Which weaving process is named after a town in England and uses perforated cards to control the pattern creation?
Which weaving process is named after a town in England and uses perforated cards to control the pattern creation?
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Which type of woven carpet requires power stretching and hand-sewn seams for proper installation?
Which type of woven carpet requires power stretching and hand-sewn seams for proper installation?
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Which type of weaving process is considered the least complex and most inexpensive?
Which type of weaving process is considered the least complex and most inexpensive?
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Which method inserts colored yarns individually as required by the design, emulating hand-weaving?
Which method inserts colored yarns individually as required by the design, emulating hand-weaving?
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In which type of carpet is a coating of latex given to the back for additional strength and body?
In which type of carpet is a coating of latex given to the back for additional strength and body?
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Which type of weaving process uses floral-patterned hotel lobby carpets as an example?
Which type of weaving process uses floral-patterned hotel lobby carpets as an example?
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Which kind of carpet formation utilizes hundreds of barbed needles punching through a layer of fiber?
Which kind of carpet formation utilizes hundreds of barbed needles punching through a layer of fiber?
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Which characteristic is unique to Axminster weaving and hinders the carpet from being rolled crosswise?
Which characteristic is unique to Axminster weaving and hinders the carpet from being rolled crosswise?
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What is the primary purpose of a primer in painting?
What is the primary purpose of a primer in painting?
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What type of weaving is used if a carpet is plush with more yarn in the wear surface?
What type of weaving is used if a carpet is plush with more yarn in the wear surface?
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Which type of weaving process uses three sets of needles to loop pile backing yarn and the stitching yarns together?
Which type of weaving process uses three sets of needles to loop pile backing yarn and the stitching yarns together?
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What is the characteristic of a fresco painting?
What is the characteristic of a fresco painting?
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Which term describes the swelling and standing up of wood grain due to water absorption?
Which term describes the swelling and standing up of wood grain due to water absorption?
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What material is used to set glass in window frames?
What material is used to set glass in window frames?
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What is the main purpose of gilding in decoration?
What is the main purpose of gilding in decoration?
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What does rivelling in paint refer to?
What does rivelling in paint refer to?
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What technique involves using heat hardened spirit based varnishes to create a finish?
What technique involves using heat hardened spirit based varnishes to create a finish?
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Which fiber is known for being eco-friendly and incredibly stain resistant?
Which fiber is known for being eco-friendly and incredibly stain resistant?
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What is used to thin coatings in painting?
What is used to thin coatings in painting?
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Which fiber is most likely to deteriorate and fade or darken in sunlight?
Which fiber is most likely to deteriorate and fade or darken in sunlight?
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Which fiber is most commonly used in outdoor carpeting?
Which fiber is most commonly used in outdoor carpeting?
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Which synthetic fiber is resistant to sunlight, stains, and mildew, and has low static build-up?
Which synthetic fiber is resistant to sunlight, stains, and mildew, and has low static build-up?
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Which fiber is known for withstanding heavy foot traffic and excellent durability?
Which fiber is known for withstanding heavy foot traffic and excellent durability?
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Which fiber is used to make flat weaves or cut pile rugs and mats due to its toughness and resistance to pilling?
Which fiber is used to make flat weaves or cut pile rugs and mats due to its toughness and resistance to pilling?
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Which fiber is known for its low-cost and economical nature while being comparable to nylon in durability and wear resistance?
Which fiber is known for its low-cost and economical nature while being comparable to nylon in durability and wear resistance?
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Which natural fiber is unfriendly to insects and known for its strong and flexible hair-like structure?
Which natural fiber is unfriendly to insects and known for its strong and flexible hair-like structure?
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What is the advantage of Level Loop Pile carpet?
What is the advantage of Level Loop Pile carpet?
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Which type of pile adds a degree of warmth to an all-loop pile?
Which type of pile adds a degree of warmth to an all-loop pile?
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What type of dyeing produces about 1,000 yards of dyed carpet?
What type of dyeing produces about 1,000 yards of dyed carpet?
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What does 'Recessing' involve in sculptured textures?
What does 'Recessing' involve in sculptured textures?
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Which dyeing method allows manufacturers to respond quickly to market needs?
Which dyeing method allows manufacturers to respond quickly to market needs?
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Which method of dyeing achieves a very consistent level of color and circulates the carpet loop under a jet of dye liquor?
Which method of dyeing achieves a very consistent level of color and circulates the carpet loop under a jet of dye liquor?
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In which dyeing method are different colors printed along the length of the yarn before it is manufactured into carpet?
In which dyeing method are different colors printed along the length of the yarn before it is manufactured into carpet?
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Which sculptured texture process is used to accentuate and give dimension to a multi-color design rug?
Which sculptured texture process is used to accentuate and give dimension to a multi-color design rug?
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What characterizes Multilevel loop pile?
What characterizes Multilevel loop pile?
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Which method is opposite of differential dyeing and produces no discernible pattern?
Which method is opposite of differential dyeing and produces no discernible pattern?
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What effect does Random Shear have on carpet design?
What effect does Random Shear have on carpet design?
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What type of printing deposits the design on the face of the carpet using embossed cylinders?
What type of printing deposits the design on the face of the carpet using embossed cylinders?
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In dyeing methods, what is a characteristic advantage of postdyeing?
In dyeing methods, what is a characteristic advantage of postdyeing?
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Which printing method uses rows of closely spaced jets to spray the carpet with color?
Which printing method uses rows of closely spaced jets to spray the carpet with color?
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What is the name of the dyeing method where spun yarns are wound on large perforated forms?
What is the name of the dyeing method where spun yarns are wound on large perforated forms?
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In which dyeing process are carpets dyed in a continuous production line?
In which dyeing process are carpets dyed in a continuous production line?
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Which of the following cushion types provides a firm feel underfoot?
Which of the following cushion types provides a firm feel underfoot?
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Which installation method is usually employed with a bonded carpet?
Which installation method is usually employed with a bonded carpet?
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Which type of sponge rubber cushion provides a softer feel?
Which type of sponge rubber cushion provides a softer feel?
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Which type of polyurethane foam cushion is denser and resistant to bottoming out?
Which type of polyurethane foam cushion is denser and resistant to bottoming out?
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Which installation method combines underfoot comfort with stability?
Which installation method combines underfoot comfort with stability?
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What type of cushion would you recommend for natural fiber pads to prevent mold and mildew?
What type of cushion would you recommend for natural fiber pads to prevent mold and mildew?
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Which installation method is most commonly used for residential applications?
Which installation method is most commonly used for residential applications?
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Which type of cushion is made by needlepunching natural and/or synthetic fiber into a feltlike pad?
Which type of cushion is made by needlepunching natural and/or synthetic fiber into a feltlike pad?
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Which glue-down installation method is most dimensionally stable?
Which glue-down installation method is most dimensionally stable?
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What is the latest development in carpet installation techniques called?
What is the latest development in carpet installation techniques called?
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Study Notes
Materials of Decoration
Fresco, Gilding, and Other Decorative Materials
- Fresco: a method of painting on wet plaster with tempera colors, which absorbs the pigment and becomes part of the plaster.
- Gilding: the application of a gold finish, achieved by applying gold leaf or metallic powders.
- Glazing Compound: a putty used to set glass in window frames and fill nail holes and cracks.
- Graining: a painted imitation of wood fiber lines.
- Grain Raising: the swelling and standing up of wood grain caused by absorbed water and solvents.
- Japanning: a type of varnishing that imitates lacquering work from the East, used from the 1660s.
- Lacquering: a glossy type of paint finish, usually applied by spraying.
Carpet
Definition and Types of Fibers
- Definition: a general designation for fabric used as floor covering, providing softness, resilience, and warmth.
- Types of fibers:
- Natural fibers: wool, sisal, jute, cotton, maize, coir
- Synthetic fibers: nylon, acrylic, modacrylic, polyester, polypropylene olefins
Parts of a Carpet
- Face: the upright ends of yarn, forming the wearing surface
- Primary backing: the canvas on which yarns are woven
- Latex adhesive: a synthetic rubber compound that glues the roots of the yarn to the primary backing
- Secondary backing: a cotton mesh cloth bonded to the primary backing
Methods of Manufacturing Carpets
- Tufting: a less expensive and faster method of producing affordable floor coverings
- Weaving: a more labor-intensive and expensive method of creating a strong and stable carpet
- Types of weaving processes:
- Velvet: a simple and inexpensive type of weaving
- Wilton: a weaving process that uses a modified Jacquard loom
- Axminster: a weaving process that uses a knitting machine
Factors to Consider in Carpet Construction
- Pile density: the weight of pile yarn in a given volume of carpet face
- Widthwise density measurement:
- Gauge: the distance between the needles
- Pitch: the number of ends in a 27-inch width of carpet
- Lengthwise density measurement:
- Stitch rate: the number of times per inch a stitch occurs
- Pile height: the length of the tuft from the primary backing to the tip
Textures of Carpets
- Cut Pile:
- Cut Pile Plush: a smooth cut pile with uniform surface
- Saxony Plush: a thicker, more dense pile with a less defined look
- Twist/Frieze: a very tightly twisted yarn that is heat-treated
- Shag: a multi-directional, high pile surface
- Loop Pile:
- Level Loop Pile: a uniform uncut loop surface
- Multilevel Loop Pile: a surface with different pile heights
- Combination Loop and Cut Pile: a combination of loop and cut pile
Sculptured Textures
- Carving: a process of incising a design into a carpet or rug
- Hairline Carving: a process of accentuating a design
- Recessing: a process of weaving a design in a low level
- Embossing: a process of weaving a design in a higher level
- Beveling: a process of rounding off parts of a carpet
Methods of Coloring
- Dyeing: a process of coloring carpet fibers
- Predyeing methods:
- Stock Dyeing
- Skein or Yarn Dyeing
- Solution Dyeing
- Postdyeing methods:
- Piece Dyeing
- Jet Beck Dyeing
- Pad Dyeing
- Differential/Cross-Dyeing
Other Types of Dyeing
- Space Dyeing: a process of printing different colors along the length of the yarn
- Resist Dyeing: a process of treating yarn to resist additional dyes
- Continuous Dyeing: a process of dyeing carpet in a continuous production line
- Package Dyeing: a process of dyeing spun yarns on large perforated forms
- Random Multicolor Dyeing: a process of achieving a random dye application
Printing
- Screen Printing: a process of applying a design to carpet using flat templates
- Deep-Dye Printing: a process of applying a design to carpet using an electrostatic charge
- Roller Printing: a process of applying a design to carpet using embossed cylinders
- Jet Printing: a process of applying a design to carpet using rows of closely spaced jets
Carpet Cushion or Underlay
- Definition: a foundation that increases wearability, provides added insulation, and deadens sound
- Types of cushions:
- Fiber cushions: made by needlepunching natural or synthetic fibers
- Sponge rubber cushions: made from flat sponge, ripple sponge, or reinforced foam rubber### Polyurethane Foam Cushion
- Three types of polyurethane foam cushion: bonded, modified prime, and densified prime urethane foam.
- These types have similar chemical compositions but differ in cellular structure, affecting performance.
- Bonded foam is manufactured from scraps of foam bonded together through adhesive and heat fusion process.
- Modified prime foam is manufactured in a continuous sheet and may contain fillers.
- Densified foam is denser than modified prime foam and highly resistant to bottoming out.
Installation Methods
- Tackless Stripping (or Stretch-In Installation): traditional installation method for residential applications and commercial woven wool carpets.
- Glue-down Method: used with bonded carpet, high density foam rubber is used as the secondary backing and cemented directly to the floor.
- Direct Glue-down: most common method of commercial installation, economical and practical, carpet is glued directly to the floor without a cushion.
- Double Glue-down: combines underfoot comfort of stretch-in installation with stability of direct glue-down, carpet cushion is adhered to the floor and carpet is glued to the cushion.
- Self-stick: latest development in carpet installation techniques, flexible adhesive layer is applied to carpet backing, labor and time are eliminated.
Rugs
- Definition: a single piece of compact, woven, knitted, or tufted fabric with borders, intended as a floor covering.
- Manufactured from natural or man-made fibers, produced in various lengths, widths, and shapes.
- Each rug is a separate unit, meant to cover only a portion of the floor area, not the whole floor.
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Description
Learn about different methods of piece dyeing in textiles, including jig dyeing, winch dyeing, and open and jet beck dyeing. Understand the processes and techniques used to achieve consistent color.
