Test Your Understanding of Type IV Hypersensitivities!
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Questions and Answers

Which type of hypersensitivity is not mediated by antibodies?

  • Type III
  • Type I
  • Type II
  • Type IV (correct)

    • Which cells are responsible for much of the tissue damage in Hypersensitivity type IV?

  • B cells
  • T cells
  • Eosinophils
  • activated Macrophages by which are activated by cytokines by TH1 cells (correct)

    • This type of hypersensitivity involves the introduction of antigen into the skin and phagocytosis by local antigen presenting cells (APCs).

  • Type 1
  • Type 2 (cytotoxic)
  • Type 3 hypersensitivities
  • type IV hypersensitivities (correct)

    • Which subcategory of type IV hypersensitivity is associated with chronic asthma and allergic rhinitis? (*hint there are 4 subcategories)

    <p>CD4 TH2-mediated reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in CD8 CTL-mediated reactions(associated with tissue transplant rejection and contact dermatitis)? also is a subcategory of hypersensitivities IV ( 3 sub cat)

    <p>APC process and presentation of antigen with MHC I to naïve CD8 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are targeted and induced to undergo apoptosis in CD8 CTL-mediated reactions?

    <p>Cells presenting the same antigen with MHC I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of TH1-mediated hypersensitivity?

    <p>examples of this are observed in tuberculin the Mantoux skin test and contact dermatitis, such as occurs in latex allergy reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In this subcategory of type IV Hypersensitivities, the soluble antigen is first inhaled, resulting in eosinophil recruitment and activation with the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators.

    <p>CD4 TH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of activated TH1 cells in CD8 CTL-mediated reactions?

    <p>Enhancement of CTL activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What subcategory of hypersensitivities type IV is also known as delayed-type hypersensitivities

    <p>CD4-TH1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of CD8 CTL-mediated hypersensitivity?

    <p>Tissue transplant rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antigen presenting cells in CD8 CTL-mediated reactions?

    <p>Presentation of antigen with MHC I to naïve CD8 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity is not mediated by antibodies?

    <p>Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for much of the tissue damage in delayed-type hypersensitivities?remember( Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are T-cell–mediated reactions)

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sensitization step in delayed-type hypersensitivities?

    <p>Introduction of antigen into the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subcategory of type IV hypersensitivity is associated with chronic asthma and allergic rhinitis?

    <p>CD4 TH2-mediated reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in CD8 CTL-mediated reactions?

    <p>Presentation of antigen with MHC I to naïve CD8 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are targeted and induced to undergo apoptosis in CD8 CTL-mediated reactions?

    <p>Cells presenting the same antigen with MHC I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of TH1-mediated hypersensitivity?

    <p>Tuberculin the Mantoux skin test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are responsible for the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators in CD4 TH2-mediated reactions?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of activated TH1 cells in CD8 CTL-mediated reactions?

    <p>Enhancement of CTL activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second step in delayed-type hypersensitivities?

    <p>Introduction of antigen into the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of CD8 CTL-mediated hypersensitivity?

    <p>Tissue transplant rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antigen presenting cells in CD8 CTL-mediated reactions?

    <p>Presentation of antigen with MHC I to naïve CD8 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between type IV hypersensitivity and the other three types of hypersensitivity?

    <p>Type IV hypersensitivity involves the action of effector cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which T-cell subtype is involved in delayed-type hypersensitivities (DTH)?

    <p>CD4 TH1 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sensitization step in delayed-type hypersensitivities (DTH)?

    <p>Introduction of antigen into the skin and phagocytosis by local antigen presenting cells (APCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effector mechanism in delayed-type hypersensitivities (DTH)?

    <p>Activation of macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of TH1-mediated hypersensitivity?

    <p>Tuberculin the Mantoux skin test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of CD4 TH2-mediated reactions?

    <p>Chronic asthma or chronic allergic rhinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated reactions?

    <p>Tissue transplant rejection and contact dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antigen presenting cells (APCs) in CD8 CTL-mediated reactions?

    <p>Process and present the antigen with MHC I to naïve CD8 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do activated CTLs target in CD8 CTL-mediated reactions?

    <p>Self cells that have absorbed the foreign antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effector mechanism in CD8 CTL-mediated reactions?

    <p>Induction of granzyme-mediated apoptosis in cells presenting the same antigen with MHC I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between CD4 TH1-mediated reactions and CD4 TH2-mediated reactions?

    <p>The type of antigen involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between CD8 CTL-mediated reactions and CD4 TH1-mediated reactions?

    <p>The T-cell subtype involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are involved in regulating Type IV hypersensitivities?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many subcategories can Type IV hypersensitivities be organized into?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which T-cell subtype is responsible for much of the tissue damage in delayed-type hypersensitivities (DTH)?

    <p>CD4 TH1-mediated reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is caused by CD4 TH2-mediated reactions?

    <p>Chronic asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated reactions and tissue transplant rejection?

    <p>CD8 CTL-mediated reactions cause tissue transplant rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of hypersensitivities are associated with pathology in Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)?

    <p>Type III and Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic tests are required to diagnose Type I hypersensitivities?

    <p>Several diagnostic tests in addition to a well-documented patient history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test can be performed to identify the antigens responsible for a type I reaction allergy?

    <p>Prick puncture skin test (PPST)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can Type III hypersensitivities often be misdiagnosed?

    <p>Because of their nonspecific inflammatory nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of desensitization therapy?

    <p>To reduce the hypersensitivity reaction through repeated injections of allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is emergency systemic anaphylaxis initially treated?

    <p>With an epinephrine injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Type III hypersensitivities?

    <p>Preventing further exposure to the antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can type III hypersensitivities often be misdiagnosed?

    <p>Because they have a nonspecific inflammatory nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial treatment for emergency systemic anaphylaxis?

    <p>Epinephrine injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates type IV hypersensitivities?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated reactions associated with?

    <p>Tissue transplant rejection and contact dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effector mechanism involved in CD4 TH1-mediated reactions?

    <p>Release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between CD8 CTL-mediated reactions and tissue transplant rejection?

    <p>CD8 CTL-mediated reactions result in tissue transplant rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)?

    <p>Inhalation of dust and endospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity can be due to both immune complexes and TH1 cells and macrophages?

    <p>Type III hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can type III hypersensitivities often be misdiagnosed?

    <p>They are too general in their inflammatory nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is desensitization therapy used for?

    <p>To reduce the hypersensitivity reaction through repeated injections of allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for type III hypersensitivities?

    <p>Preventing further exposure to the antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity is regulated by T cells and involves the action of effector cells?

    <p>Type IV hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the antigen presenting cell responsible for presenting antigens to T cells in delayed-type hypersensitivities?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for type III hypersensitivities?

    <p>Preventing further exposure to the antigen and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic test used to identify antigens responsible for a type I reaction allergy?

    <p>Prick puncture skin test (PPST)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the emergency treatment for systemic anaphylaxis?

    <p>Epinephrine injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of CD8 CTL-mediated reactions?

    <p>Involves the action of effector cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type IV hypersensitivities?

    <p>Regulated by T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of CD4 TH2-mediated reactions?

    <p>Involves the action of effector cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effector mechanism of CD4 TH1-mediated reactions in type IV hypersensitivities?

    <p>Delayed-type hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effector mechanism of CD4 TH2-mediated reactions in type IV hypersensitivities?

    <p>Antibody-mediated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity is associated with tissue transplant rejection and contact dermatitis?

    <p>Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial treatment for emergency systemic anaphylaxis?

    <p>Epinephrine injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic test used to identify antigens responsible for a type I reaction allergy?

    <p>Prick puncture skin test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effector mechanism of type III hypersensitivities?

    <p>Immune complex-mediated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for type III hypersensitivities?

    <p>Avoiding exposure to the antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity requires several diagnostic tests in addition to a well-documented patient history for diagnosis?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of effector cells in type IV hypersensitivities?

    <p>Causing tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the diagnostic test used for type IV hypersensitivities?

    <p>Intradermal test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effector mechanism of CD8 CTL-mediated reactions in type IV hypersensitivities?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cell-mediated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)?

    <p>An allergic reaction to inhaled dust, endospores, bird feathers, bird droppings, molds, or chemicals that causes inflammation in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of hypersensitivities that can cause pathology associated with HP?

    <p>Type III and Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a type I hypersensitivity diagnosed?

    <p>Through several diagnostic tests and a well-documented patient history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is desensitization therapy?

    <p>A therapy that reduces the hypersensitivity reaction through repeated injections of allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial treatment for emergency systemic anaphylaxis?

    <p>An epinephrine injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are CD4 TH1-mediated reactions responsible for?

    <p>Much of the tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are CD4 TH2-mediated reactions associated with?

    <p>Chronic asthma or chronic allergic rhinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated reactions associated with?

    <p>Tissue transplant rejection and contact dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Type IV hypersensitivity regulated by?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three subcategories of Type IV hypersensitivities based on?

    <p>T-cell subtype, type of antigen, and the resulting effector mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Type III hypersensitivities?

    <p>Preventing further exposure to the antigen and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can Type III hypersensitivities often be misdiagnosed?

    <p>Because of their nonspecific inflammatory nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity is associated with chronic asthma and allergic rhinitis?

    <p>Type I hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathology associated with Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)?

    <p>Both type III and type IV hypersensitivities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for type III hypersensitivities?

    <p>Preventing further exposure to the antigen and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial treatment for emergency systemic anaphylaxis?

    <p>Epinephrine injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic test used to identify the antigens responsible for a type I reaction allergy?

    <p>Both PPST and intradermal test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subcategories can type IV hypersensitivities be organized into?

    <p>Three subcategories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes in tissue transplant rejection?

    <p>Recognizing and killing cells of the transplanted tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)?

    <p>Allergic reaction to inhaled dust, endospores, bird feathers, bird droppings, molds, or chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type IV hypersensitivities?

    <p>Regulated by T cells and involve the action of effector cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is desensitization therapy used for?

    <p>Reducing the hypersensitivity reaction through repeated injections of allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of CD4 TH1-mediated reactions?

    <p>Responsible for much of the tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic requirement for type I hypersensitivities?

    <p>Patient history and several diagnostic tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of Type IV hypersensitivities?

    <p>Regulated by T cells and involve the action of effector cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three subcategories of Type IV hypersensitivities based on?

    <p>T-cell subtype, type of antigen, and the resulting effector mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are CD4 TH1-mediated reactions responsible for?

    <p>Much of the tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do CD4 TH2-mediated reactions result in?

    <p>Chronic asthma or chronic allergic rhinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated reactions associated with?

    <p>Tissue transplant rejection and contact dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)?

    <p>Inflammation due to an allergic reaction to inhaled dust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of hypersensitivities associated with Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)?

    <p>Type III and Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic tests are required for the diagnosis of Type I hypersensitivities?

    <p>Several diagnostic tests in addition to a well-documented patient history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test can be performed to identify the antigens responsible for a Type I reaction allergy?

    <p>Prick puncture skin test (PPST)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are Type III hypersensitivities often misdiagnosed?

    <p>Due to their nonspecific inflammatory nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is desensitization therapy used for?

    <p>To reduce the hypersensitivity reaction through repeated injections of allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is emergency systemic anaphylaxis initially treated?

    <p>With an epinephrine injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Type III hypersensitivities?

    <p>Preventing further exposure to the antigen and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of Type IV hypersensitivities?

    <p>Regulated by T cells and involve the action of effector cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subcategories can Type IV hypersensitivities be organized into?

    <p>Three subcategories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are CD4 TH1-mediated reactions responsible for?

    <p>Tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of CD4 TH2-mediated reactions?

    <p>Chronic asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated reactions associated with?

    <p>Tissue transplant rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)?

    <p>Inhalation of spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of hypersensitivities can cause pathology associated with HP?

    <p>Both type III and type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic tests are required for the diagnosis of type I hypersensitivities?

    <p>Patient history and several diagnostic tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tests can be performed to identify the antigens responsible for a type I reaction allergy?

    <p>Prick puncture skin test (PPST)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are type III hypersensitivities often misdiagnosed?

    <p>Because they are not specific in nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of desensitization therapy?

    <p>To reduce the hypersensitivity reaction through repeated injections of allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial treatment for emergency systemic anaphylaxis?

    <p>Epinephrine injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Understanding Hypersensitivities: Types, Diagnosis, and Treatment

    • Type IV hypersensitivities are regulated by T cells and involve the action of effector cells.
    • Type IV hypersensitivities can be organized into three subcategories based on T-cell subtype, type of antigen, and the resulting effector mechanism.
    • CD4 TH1-mediated reactions are described as delayed-type hypersensitivities (DTH) and are responsible for much of the tissue damage.
    • CD4 TH2-mediated reactions result in chronic asthma or chronic allergic rhinitis.
    • CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated reactions are associated with tissue transplant rejection and contact dermatitis.
    • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) occurs when the lungs become inflamed due to an allergic reaction to inhaled dust, endospores, bird feathers, bird droppings, molds, or chemicals.
    • Pathology associated with HP can be due to both type III (mediated by immune complexes) and type IV (mediated by TH1 cells and macrophages) hypersensitivities.
    • Diagnosis of type I hypersensitivities requires several diagnostic tests in addition to a well-documented patient history.
    • Prick puncture skin test (PPST) or an intradermal test can be performed to identify the antigens responsible for a type I reaction allergy.
    • Type III hypersensitivities can often be misdiagnosed because of their nonspecific inflammatory nature.
    • Desensitization therapy can be used to reduce the hypersensitivity reaction through repeated injections of allergens.
    • Emergency systemic anaphylaxis is treated initially with an epinephrine injection, which can counteract the drop in blood pressure.
    • Treatment of type III hypersensitivities includes preventing further exposure to the antigen and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs.

    Understanding Hypersensitivities: Types, Diagnosis, and Treatment

    • Type IV hypersensitivities are regulated by T cells and involve the action of effector cells.
    • Type IV hypersensitivities can be organized into three subcategories based on T-cell subtype, type of antigen, and the resulting effector mechanism.
    • CD4 TH1-mediated reactions are described as delayed-type hypersensitivities (DTH) and are responsible for much of the tissue damage.
    • CD4 TH2-mediated reactions result in chronic asthma or chronic allergic rhinitis.
    • CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated reactions are associated with tissue transplant rejection and contact dermatitis.
    • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) occurs when the lungs become inflamed due to an allergic reaction to inhaled dust, endospores, bird feathers, bird droppings, molds, or chemicals.
    • Pathology associated with HP can be due to both type III (mediated by immune complexes) and type IV (mediated by TH1 cells and macrophages) hypersensitivities.
    • Diagnosis of type I hypersensitivities requires several diagnostic tests in addition to a well-documented patient history.
    • Prick puncture skin test (PPST) or an intradermal test can be performed to identify the antigens responsible for a type I reaction allergy.
    • Type III hypersensitivities can often be misdiagnosed because of their nonspecific inflammatory nature.
    • Desensitization therapy can be used to reduce the hypersensitivity reaction through repeated injections of allergens.
    • Emergency systemic anaphylaxis is treated initially with an epinephrine injection, which can counteract the drop in blood pressure.
    • Treatment of type III hypersensitivities includes preventing further exposure to the antigen and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs.

    Understanding Hypersensitivities: Types, Diagnosis, and Treatment

    • Type IV hypersensitivities are regulated by T cells and involve the action of effector cells.
    • Type IV hypersensitivities can be organized into three subcategories based on T-cell subtype, type of antigen, and the resulting effector mechanism.
    • CD4 TH1-mediated reactions are described as delayed-type hypersensitivities (DTH) and are responsible for much of the tissue damage.
    • CD4 TH2-mediated reactions result in chronic asthma or chronic allergic rhinitis.
    • CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated reactions are associated with tissue transplant rejection and contact dermatitis.
    • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) occurs when the lungs become inflamed due to an allergic reaction to inhaled dust, endospores, bird feathers, bird droppings, molds, or chemicals.
    • Pathology associated with HP can be due to both type III (mediated by immune complexes) and type IV (mediated by TH1 cells and macrophages) hypersensitivities.
    • Diagnosis of type I hypersensitivities requires several diagnostic tests in addition to a well-documented patient history.
    • Prick puncture skin test (PPST) or an intradermal test can be performed to identify the antigens responsible for a type I reaction allergy.
    • Type III hypersensitivities can often be misdiagnosed because of their nonspecific inflammatory nature.
    • Desensitization therapy can be used to reduce the hypersensitivity reaction through repeated injections of allergens.
    • Emergency systemic anaphylaxis is treated initially with an epinephrine injection, which can counteract the drop in blood pressure.
    • Treatment of type III hypersensitivities includes preventing further exposure to the antigen and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs.

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    Test your knowledge of Type IV Hypersensitivities with this quiz! Learn about the different subcategories of Type IV hypersensitivities and the mechanisms behind them. Challenge yourself with questions on T-cell subtypes, antigen types, and effector mechanisms. Perfect for medical and immunology students or anyone interested in understanding this complex immune response.

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