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Questions and Answers
What are the two ways to achieve asepsis in healthcare settings?
What is the main difference between medical and surgical asepsis?
What are the four main aspects of aseptic technique?
What are the six conditions that must be present for an infection to be transmitted?
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What is the difference between droplets and airborne particles?
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What is the single most important intervention for preventing infections in healthcare settings?
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What are Health Care Associated Infections (HAI)?
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What are some examples of multi-drug resistant infections that can be acquired in healthcare settings?
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What are Emerging Diseases?
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What is the purpose of CDC Transmission-Based Precautions?
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What should technologists in radiology departments be familiar with?
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What should healthcare providers do before using any medical device or supply during MRI procedures?
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What is the purpose of Universal Precautions (UP) and Standard Precautions (SP)?
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What is the single most important intervention for preventing infections?
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What is Health Care Associated Infections (HAI)?
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What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)?
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What are Transmission-Based Precautions?
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What are MRI-compatible medical devices and supplies?
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What is the purpose of large bore tubes during MRI procedures?
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What is the purpose of urinary catheterization during MRI procedures?
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What is the purpose of emesis bags and basins during MRI procedures?
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What should be checked before using any medical device or supply during MRI procedures?
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What is the purpose of Universal Precautions (UP) and Standard Precautions (SP)?
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What is the single most important intervention for preventing infections in healthcare settings?
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What percentage of hospital patients globally suffer from Health Care Associated Infections (HAI)?
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What are Health Care Associated Infections (HAI)?
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What is the purpose of CDC Transmission-Based Precautions?
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What is the purpose of MRI-compatible medical devices and supplies?
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What is the purpose of MRI-compatible oxygen tanks and regulators?
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What is the most effective type of tube for suction during MRI procedures?
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What type of catheter can be used for long-term urinary catheterization during MRI procedures?
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What should healthcare providers do before using any medical device or supply during MRI procedures?
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Study Notes
A Comprehensive Guide to Asepsis and Pathogens
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Asepsis means being free of microorganisms that can cause infection.
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Medical and surgical asepsis are two ways to achieve asepsis in healthcare settings.
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Medical asepsis involves reducing the number of pathogens through hand hygiene, cleanliness, and disinfection.
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Surgical asepsis involves complete sterilization of objects and surfaces through various methods, including autoclaving and gas sterilization.
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Sterile fields are microorganism-free areas prepared for invasive procedures with high infection risk.
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Aseptic technique involves using practices and procedures to prevent contamination from pathogens.
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The four main aspects of aseptic technique are barriers, patient equipment and preparation, environmental controls, and contact guidelines.
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Barriers, such as sterile gloves and gowns, protect the patient from pathogens from healthcare workers or the environment.
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Pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and prions, can cause diseases and infections.
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Bacteria can be classified by shape, staining reaction, and oxygen requirements and can cause diseases such as strep throat and tuberculosis.
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The cycle of infection involves six conditions that must be present for an infection to be transmitted, including an infectious organism, reservoir, portal of exit, susceptible host, means of transportation, and portal of entry.
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There are six main routes of transmission, including direct and indirect contact, fomites, vectors, vehicles, airborne means, and droplets.Overview of Disease Transmission and the Human Body's Defenses
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Disease transmission can occur through direct contact, vectors, vehicles, droplets, and airborne particles.
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Vectors are living organisms, such as insects, that can transmit pathogens through their bite.
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Vehicles are mediums, including food, water, drugs, and blood, that can transport pathogens.
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Droplets are large fluid particles spread by infected individuals through coughing, sneezing, speaking, or singing and can travel short distances.
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Airborne particles are small dust or evaporated droplets that can travel long distances and be inhaled by a susceptible host.
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The human body has natural barriers and defenses, including skin, mucous membranes, enzymes, pH, salts content, and beneficial bacteria.
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Inflammation causes increased blood flow to the affected tissue area, with white blood cells attacking and destroying the pathogen through phagocytosis.
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Interferons are specialized proteins produced by virus-infected cells to protect the surrounding healthy cells.
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Acquired immunity is a long-term resistance to a specific infection through previous contact with a microorganism or induced by a vaccine.
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B-cells produce specific proteins called antibodies that destroy the pathogens' proteins in acquired immunity.
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Passive immunity is a temporary immunity that occurs when antibodies to a specific infection are delivered from another individual through injection, breastfeeding, or the umbilical cord.
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Passive immunity is temporary because the receiver's body does not produce its antibodies.
Infection Control and Prevention in Healthcare Settings
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Adverse medical events are preventable and often caused by healthcare errors and system failures.
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Health Care Associated Infections (HAI) are infections acquired in hospitals by patients admitted for other reasons, and they can cause suffering, disability, death, longer hospital stays, and increased costs.
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HAI can be multi-drug resistant, such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and difficult to treat.
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Emerging Diseases are new or resurgent diseases caused by old or mutated pathogens.
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Globally, an average of 8.7% of hospital patients suffer from HAI, with higher risks in developing countries, affecting more than 25% of patients at any given time.
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Preventing infections requires healthcare providers to have knowledge, attitude, and skills to provide safe care.
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Universal Precautions (UP) were introduced in 1987 to prevent the spread of blood-borne pathogens, and Standard Precautions (SP) were established in 1996 to expand UP and prevent the transmission of infectious agents to patients and hospital visitors.
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Best practices of SP include hand hygiene, respiratory and cough etiquette, PPE, prevention of sharps injuries, and environmental cleaning.
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Hand hygiene is the single most important intervention before and after patient contact, and it involves washing hands under tepid running water with soap for 10-15 seconds.
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PPE includes gloves, aprons, gowns, eye protection, and face masks that healthcare workers should wear depending on the potential exposure to blood or other bodily fluids.
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CDC Transmission-Based Precautions request isolation of patients with contagious diseases, including airborne, droplet, contact, and immunocompromised precautions.
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Technologists in radiology departments should be familiar with the function and position of feeding tubes, central lines, chest tubes, pacemaker leads, and their MRI safety.Medical Devices and Supplies for MRI Procedures
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MRI-compatible medical devices and supplies are essential for safe and effective imaging.
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MRI-compatible oxygen tanks and regulators are necessary for patients who need oxygen support during the procedure.
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Large bore tubes are more effective for suction and less frequently occluded.
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Blood/serum drain bags should be kept below the drainage origin site.
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Urinary catheterization can be performed with a Foley catheter that is retained by a balloon at its tip, but caution should be used with MRI Conditional Pacemakers.
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Tracheal tubes, including endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes, are generally MRI compatible, but connected ventilators or devices may not be.
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Feeding tubes can be inserted through the nose or mouth for short-term use or with a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy for long-term use.
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Nasogastric tubes can be used to remove or add substances to the stomach and are flexible tubes made of rubber or plastic.
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Emesis bags and basins may be useful for nauseous patients, especially when contrast is used during the MRI.
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Male and female urinals can be used for urine collection when the patient cannot safely ambulate.
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A toilette bed pan can be used when the patient cannot safely ambulate to use the restroom.
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Always check the MRI compatibility of any medical device or supply before use.
Infection Control and Prevention in Healthcare Settings
-
Adverse medical events are preventable and often caused by healthcare errors and system failures.
-
Health Care Associated Infections (HAI) are infections acquired in hospitals by patients admitted for other reasons, and they can cause suffering, disability, death, longer hospital stays, and increased costs.
-
HAI can be multi-drug resistant, such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and difficult to treat.
-
Emerging Diseases are new or resurgent diseases caused by old or mutated pathogens.
-
Globally, an average of 8.7% of hospital patients suffer from HAI, with higher risks in developing countries, affecting more than 25% of patients at any given time.
-
Preventing infections requires healthcare providers to have knowledge, attitude, and skills to provide safe care.
-
Universal Precautions (UP) were introduced in 1987 to prevent the spread of blood-borne pathogens, and Standard Precautions (SP) were established in 1996 to expand UP and prevent the transmission of infectious agents to patients and hospital visitors.
-
Best practices of SP include hand hygiene, respiratory and cough etiquette, PPE, prevention of sharps injuries, and environmental cleaning.
-
Hand hygiene is the single most important intervention before and after patient contact, and it involves washing hands under tepid running water with soap for 10-15 seconds.
-
PPE includes gloves, aprons, gowns, eye protection, and face masks that healthcare workers should wear depending on the potential exposure to blood or other bodily fluids.
-
CDC Transmission-Based Precautions request isolation of patients with contagious diseases, including airborne, droplet, contact, and immunocompromised precautions.
-
Technologists in radiology departments should be familiar with the function and position of feeding tubes, central lines, chest tubes, pacemaker leads, and their MRI safety.Medical Devices and Supplies for MRI Procedures
-
MRI-compatible medical devices and supplies are essential for safe and effective imaging.
-
MRI-compatible oxygen tanks and regulators are necessary for patients who need oxygen support during the procedure.
-
Large bore tubes are more effective for suction and less frequently occluded.
-
Blood/serum drain bags should be kept below the drainage origin site.
-
Urinary catheterization can be performed with a Foley catheter that is retained by a balloon at its tip, but caution should be used with MRI Conditional Pacemakers.
-
Tracheal tubes, including endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes, are generally MRI compatible, but connected ventilators or devices may not be.
-
Feeding tubes can be inserted through the nose or mouth for short-term use or with a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy for long-term use.
-
Nasogastric tubes can be used to remove or add substances to the stomach and are flexible tubes made of rubber or plastic.
-
Emesis bags and basins may be useful for nauseous patients, especially when contrast is used during the MRI.
-
Male and female urinals can be used for urine collection when the patient cannot safely ambulate.
-
A toilette bed pan can be used when the patient cannot safely ambulate to use the restroom.
-
Always check the MRI compatibility of any medical device or supply before use.
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Test your knowledge on asepsis and pathogens with this comprehensive quiz! Learn about the different types of asepsis, including medical and surgical, and the various methods used to achieve them. Explore the different types of pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and prions, and how they can cause infections. Discover the cycle of infection and the six main routes of transmission. Finally, dive into the human body's natural barriers and defenses, including acquired and passive immunity, and their
