Tejidos Fundamentales de las Plantas

• These structures are founded upon the fundamental meristem
• The fundamental tissues included are:
  • Parenchyma
  • Collenchyma
  • Sclerenchyma

Protodermis

• First protodermis tissue

Fundamental Meristem

• Found within the cortex and medulla
• Source of basic tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

Procambium

• A type of tissue found in plants

Parenchyma Characteristics

• This is the basic material for the plant where all the other components are located. It serves as the precursor to all other tissues.
• Is comparatively undifferentiated
• Has varied different morphological Traits
• Has a structure comprised of live cells with thin first cell walls, which change form and size according to their purpose. They also have significant dividing potential
• Capable of regaining meristematic characteristics that allow the reestablishment of damaged tissue

Parenchyma Function

• Used in Synthesis, storage, aeration and as reserves
• Has meristematic activity that allows for simple tissue

Parenchyma Distribution

• Body's primary distribution found in pith and cortex of stem plus root
• Mesophyll of leaves, fruit pulp.
• Located within primary xylem and phloem
• Located within the cortex and is of secondary growth
• Located within secondary xylem and phloem

Parenchyma Differentiation

• Meristem cell differentiation starts from the situation of that cell. Gene expression will vary in response to where they are. Changes take place in cells and the spaces around cells

Parenchyma Cellular Change

• Cellular size increases
• Cell wall thickening can occur
• Undergo specific protoplast changes
  • maturation of proplasts
  • Increases in size and grouping in vacuoles
  • Ergastic substance storage

Intercellular Space Formation in Parenchyma Tissues

• Parenchyma tissues can either be tightly packed with almost no areas between cells, seen in the endosperm of seeds
• Alternately can allow for high numbers of air filled intercellular areas like what occurs in hygrophyte stems and leaves known as arenchyma

Parenchyma Morphological Classification

• Determined by looking at cell function and structure

Parenchyma Fundamental

• Found within the medulla and cortex in the stems and roots
• Found in the fruity fibers
• Has cells with a thin primary wall
• The cells are polyhedral with around 14 faces each
• Small intercellular areas
• Contain either leucoplasts or chloroplasts that have undeveloped grana
• Can retain tannins/oxalates i.e. druses

Photosynthetic Parenchyma

• Has structural features that allows for well performing photosynthesis.
  • Many chloroplasts containing extensively defined grana
  • Massive central vacuoles or small multiple ones
• Found in green parts of the plant

Photosynthetic Parenchyma Location

• Dicotyledons
  • palisade parenchyma
  • lacunous parenchyma
• Monocotyledons
  • is less orderly in appearance when compared to dicotyledons
• Younger specimens
  • Is much less structured in comparison to dicotyledons

Parenchyma Aerenchyma or Air Chamber

• Allows oxygen being brought through water clogged and submerged organs
• Allows for flotation in water
• Has structural attributes like large areas for air transfer in between cells
• Also found in star shaped or polyhedron shaped cells enclosing these large chambers
• Found in angiosperm stalks in stems in aqueous environments

Storage or Reserve Parenchyma

• Used in synthesizing and keeping reserve material
• Structural properties and placement depend on amount of storage compounds

Water Storage Parenchyma

• In large vacuoles its able to build water reserves
• In mucilage holds polysaccharide with the capacity for water retention

Limiting Parenchyma

• A coat of continuously laid out cellular structure. A covering of cells laid down at a constant rate to ensure that separation is maintained between each cell.

Limiting Parenchyma - Endodermis

• Cells thicken with deposits of hydrophobic elements like lignin or suberin within the radials and traverse walls' central region. This area is known as the band of Caspary
• Is a division between parenchymas alongside conducting tissues

Limiting Parenchyma - Exodermis

• Its function is alike to that of endocardium, which is localized beneath the epidermis in root tissue.

Collenchyma Characteristics

• Can take different forms, such as mechanical or supporting tissue

Collenchyma Structure

• Characterized via living cells with a long packed structure that contain unequally thickened primary walls

Collenchyma Function

• Serves as a rigid but versatile material for a flexible yet plastic makeup

Collenchyma General Characteristics

• Contains chloroplasts
• Capable of dedifferentiation and differentiation
• Allows lignification/thickening of its cell walls
• Located within stems/leaves/ floral structure/fruit/roots

Collenchyma Types

• Tissue types vary based on deposit form and site

Annular Collenchyma

• Display reinforcement throughout the length of each of their cells generated via continual material deposit

Angular Collenchyma

• Thickenings are within the cell walls, typically in the angles with cell confluence

Laminar Collenchyma

• Thickening of later cell membranes appear as blades

Lacunar Collenchyma

• A combination of intercellular voids in the strengthening

Collenchyma Distribution

• Typically in young organs/stalks/leaf/stems where there is a peripheral circle for lengthwise tendons to give arching crests or costal

Collenchyma Origin

• Occurs from basic meristem cells or parenchyma cells
• Cell originate from cells exhibiting meristematic potential which lead to initial phase of parietal thickening/ wall extension

Sclerenchyma Characteristics

• Can be mechanical or support tissue. Has primary/secondary lignified walls

Sclerenchyma Structure

• Constituted by hardwalled cell bodies in their terminal growth and is comprised up of mostly cell mass.

Sclerenchyma Function

• Aids in solidity and flexibility when added to collenchyma

Sclerenchyma Location

• Appears throughout varied plant features like stems, leaves, fruits and grain

Sclerenchyma Types: Fibers and Sclereids

• Fibers and sclereids

Sclerenchyma - Fibers

• Are a slender and extended structure with sharpened edges found in strands with textile value

Sclerenchyma - Fibers Distribution

• Extraxyliematic fiber derives their strength from the apical meristem
• Found outside of xylem
• Has stem and leaf fibers
• Xyliematic fiber derives their strength from the side meristem.
• This type occurs both in / outside phloem and xylem.
• Septum fiber
• Also includes gelatin fibers/ mucilage

Sclerenchyma - Sclereids

• Can either be short, rounded, or forked with highly porous walls, and they often form in clusters.

Sclerenchyma -Sclereids Types

• Brachysclereids have diameters that are equal in dimension
• Macrosclereids have a rod shape
• Osteosclereids resemble bone
• Astrosclereids are star-shaped

Sclerenchyma - Sclereids Distribution

• Appear both by their own in the idioblasts, or in arrays. Their locations include.
• The medulla and stem bark.
• Leaf mesophyll.
• Fleshy fruit i.e. pear; drupe
• Also appears as a coating on beans and grain

Sclerenchyma Origin and differentiation

• Form from a range of origins/ has varied characteristics like simple or apical intrusive growth

Preguntas sobre las características y funciones de los tejidos fundamentales en plantas, incluyendo parénquima, colénquima y esclerénquima. Se evalúa la comprensión de sus adaptaciones para la fotosíntesis, soporte y aireación.