TEFL: Approaches to Grammar Instruction

Study Notes

Approaches to Grammar Instruction:
- Grammar-Translation Method: Focus on explicit grammar rules, translation, and memorization.
- Audio-Lingual Method: Emphasize listening and speaking, with minimal explicit grammar instruction.
- Communicative Approach: Focus on authentic communication, with implicit grammar instruction.
- Task-Based Learning: Students complete tasks that require authentic language use, with implicit grammar instruction.
Grammar Teaching Techniques:
- Present-Practice-Produce (PPP): Present grammar rules, practice through exercises, and produce language through freer activities.
- Test-Teach-Test (TTT): Test students' prior knowledge, teach grammar rules, and test again to assess understanding.
- Inductive-Deductive Approach: Present examples, ask students to induce grammar rules, and then provide explicit instruction.

Types of Questions:
- Open-Ended Questions: Encourage students to provide detailed, thoughtful responses.
- Closed-Ended Questions: Require students to provide a specific piece of information or answer.
- Probing Questions: Ask follow-up questions to encourage more detailed responses.
Questioning Techniques:
- Cold Calling: Ask individual students questions without warning.
- Random Calling: Ask questions randomly to encourage active listening and participation.
- Think-Pair-Share: Students think individually, discuss with a partner, and share with the class.
Effective Questioning Strategies:
- Wait Time: Allow students time to think before responding to questions.
- Encourage Elaboration: Ask students to expand on their answers.
- Use Student Responses: Use student responses to stimulate further discussion and learning.

Grammar-Translation Method: emphasizes explicit grammar rules, translation, and memorization
Audio-Lingual Method: focuses on listening and speaking, with minimal explicit grammar instruction
Communicative Approach: prioritizes authentic communication, with implicit grammar instruction
Task-Based Learning: involves students completing tasks that require authentic language use, with implicit grammar instruction

Present-Practice-Produce (PPP): involves presenting grammar rules, practicing through exercises, and producing language through freer activities
Test-Teach-Test (TTT): tests students' prior knowledge, teaches grammar rules, and tests again to assess understanding
Inductive-Deductive Approach: presents examples, asks students to induce grammar rules, and provides explicit instruction

Open-Ended Questions: encourage students to provide detailed, thoughtful responses
Closed-Ended Questions: require students to provide a specific piece of information or answer
Probing Questions: ask follow-up questions to encourage more detailed responses

Cold Calling: asks individual students questions without warning
Random Calling: asks questions randomly to encourage active listening and participation
Think-Pair-Share: involves students thinking individually, discussing with a partner, and sharing with the class

Wait Time: allows students time to think before responding to questions
Encourage Elaboration: asks students to expand on their answers
Use Student Responses: uses student responses to stimulate further discussion and learning