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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of shoot tip grafting in pommelo?
What is the purpose of shoot tip grafting in pommelo?
Which type of plant tissue culture involves the culture of cells in a liquid medium?
Which type of plant tissue culture involves the culture of cells in a liquid medium?
What is somatic hybridization primarily used for?
What is somatic hybridization primarily used for?
Which type of culture is focused on the growth of isolated embryos?
Which type of culture is focused on the growth of isolated embryos?
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What is the primary purpose of plant tissue culture?
What is the primary purpose of plant tissue culture?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue culture mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue culture mentioned?
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What term describes the ability of a plant cell to develop into a complete organism?
What term describes the ability of a plant cell to develop into a complete organism?
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In callus culture, what initial state do the differentiated tissues go through?
In callus culture, what initial state do the differentiated tissues go through?
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What process allows for the manipulation of cellular genomes by protoplast fusion?
What process allows for the manipulation of cellular genomes by protoplast fusion?
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Which hormone is crucial for the dedifferentiation process in plant tissue culture?
Which hormone is crucial for the dedifferentiation process in plant tissue culture?
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What type of plant tissue culture involves the culture of seeds to generate plants?
What type of plant tissue culture involves the culture of seeds to generate plants?
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What is a potential benefit of using plant tissue culture for crop production?
What is a potential benefit of using plant tissue culture for crop production?
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What is the term for the process where callus tissue forms a whole plant?
What is the term for the process where callus tissue forms a whole plant?
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What process helps eliminate viruses from plants during tissue culture?
What process helps eliminate viruses from plants during tissue culture?
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Which aspect of plant tissue culture enables the selection of specific traits?
Which aspect of plant tissue culture enables the selection of specific traits?
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What is somatic embryogenesis commonly referred to in the context of plant tissue culture?
What is somatic embryogenesis commonly referred to in the context of plant tissue culture?
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What is gel electrophoresis primarily used for?
What is gel electrophoresis primarily used for?
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Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of migration of macromolecules in gel electrophoresis?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of migration of macromolecules in gel electrophoresis?
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How do longer molecules behave in gel electrophoresis compared to shorter molecules?
How do longer molecules behave in gel electrophoresis compared to shorter molecules?
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Which of the following is an example of a molecular marker system?
Which of the following is an example of a molecular marker system?
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What is the primary limitation of using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) as a molecular marker?
What is the primary limitation of using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) as a molecular marker?
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What do restriction enzymes do?
What do restriction enzymes do?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of molecular marker system mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of molecular marker system mentioned?
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Why are molecular markers useful in breeding programs?
Why are molecular markers useful in breeding programs?
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What are microsatellites typically composed of in terms of base pairs?
What are microsatellites typically composed of in terms of base pairs?
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Which step in DNA profiling involves the use of labelled primers?
Which step in DNA profiling involves the use of labelled primers?
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In what context can DNA fingerprints be used for personal identification?
In what context can DNA fingerprints be used for personal identification?
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What is one application of DNA fingerprinting in forensic science?
What is one application of DNA fingerprinting in forensic science?
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What cannot be true about an individual's VNTRs?
What cannot be true about an individual's VNTRs?
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What is GenBank?
What is GenBank?
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Which database contains genomic mapping data from the human genome project?
Which database contains genomic mapping data from the human genome project?
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What does BLAST stand for?
What does BLAST stand for?
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What is the primary function of the Entrez database?
What is the primary function of the Entrez database?
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Which of the following is not an application area mentioned for bioinformatics?
Which of the following is not an application area mentioned for bioinformatics?
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Which of the following databases collaborates with EMBL and GenBank?
Which of the following databases collaborates with EMBL and GenBank?
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What does a BLAST search return?
What does a BLAST search return?
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Which organization developed the BLAST search tool?
Which organization developed the BLAST search tool?
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Study Notes
Techniques in Modern Biotechnology
- Plant tissue culture: Sterile cultivation of plant parts (organs, embryos, seeds, single cells) on nutrient media.
- Totipotency: A single cell's ability to regenerate into a complete organism.
- Dedifferentiation: Non-dividing cells reverting to an undifferentiated, meristematic state, forming callus tissue.
- Redifferentiation: Callus tissue forming a whole plant or plant organs.
- Plant tissue culture benefits:
- Mass propagation of desirable plants.
- Somatic embryogenesis (artificial seeds).
- In vitro selection for traits like disease resistance.
- Virus elimination: Meristematic regions are isolated and grafted to produce virus-free plants.
- Types of in vitro cultures:
- Callus culture: Culture of differentiated tissue that dedifferentiates.
- Cell culture: Culture of cells or cell aggregates in liquid medium.
- Protoplast culture: Culture of plant cells without cell walls.
- Embryo culture: Culture of isolated embryos to save important species.
- Seed culture: Culture of seeds to generate plants.
- Organ culture: Culture of isolated plant organs like anthers, roots, stems, buds, and shoots.
- Somatic hybridization: Manipulation of cellular genomes by protoplast fusion, allowing species barriers to be crossed.
- Gel electrophoresis: Uses an electric current to separate macromolecules (DNA, RNA, or protein) in a gel matrix.
- Factors affecting migration in gel electrophoresis: Size, strength of the field, net charge, ionic strength, viscosity, temperature.
- Molecular markers: DNA polymorphisms used to track inheritance of genomic regions.
- Molecular marker systems:
- Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP): First widely used marker but time-consuming and expensive.
- Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
- Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)
- Microsatellite markers
- Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
- Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP): DNA is treated with restriction enzymes, creating fragments that are hybridized to cloned DNA.
- DNA Fingerprinting: Based on VNTRs (Variable Number Tandem Repeats), which are unique to individuals.
- Applications of DNA Fingerprinting:
- Forensic investigation: Linking suspects to biological evidence.
- Paternity establishment in legal cases.
- Personal identification: Useful for disaster relief or missing persons cases.
- Bioinformatics: Study and analysis of biological data, particularly DNA and protein sequences.
- Major databases:
- GenBank: Annotated collection of publicly available DNA sequences.
- EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database: Contains DNA and RNA sequences, genome sequencing projects, and patent applications.
- DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ): Collects nucleotide sequences primarily from Japanese researchers.
- Entrez: Integrated search system for nucleotide, protein, 3-D structures, genomes, taxonomy, and literature.
- The Genome Database: Contains mapping data from the Human Genome Project.
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) Database: Catalog of human genes and genetic disorders.
- BLAST: Searches sequence databases for similarities between nucleotide and protein sequences.
- BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool): Used to compare sequences for similarities.
- Applications of Bioinformatics in Biotechnology Research:
- Agriculture
- Human Health
- Industry
- Environment and Wildlife Conservation
- Forensics
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Description
Explore the essential techniques in modern biotechnology, focusing on plant tissue culture, totipotency, and the process of dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. This quiz will cover the benefits of these techniques, including mass propagation and virus elimination. Test your knowledge on various types of in vitro cultures and their applications.
