Techniques in Modern Biotechnology
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Techniques in Modern Biotechnology

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of shoot tip grafting in pommelo?

  • To increase seed production
  • To produce virus-free plants (correct)
  • To enhance fruit size
  • To improve flavor

    • Which type of plant tissue culture involves the culture of cells in a liquid medium?

  • Protoplast culture
  • Cell culture (correct)
  • Callus culture
  • Organ culture

    • What is somatic hybridization primarily used for?

  • To hybridize different genres of plants
  • To extract plant proteins
  • To create tissue cultures
  • To transfer wild species genes into crop plants (correct)

    • Which type of culture is focused on the growth of isolated embryos?

    <p>Embryo culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of plant tissue culture?

    <p>To cultivate plant parts in vitro for mass propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of tissue culture mentioned?

    <p>Micropropagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the ability of a plant cell to develop into a complete organism?

    <p>Totipotency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In callus culture, what initial state do the differentiated tissues go through?

    <p>Dedifferentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows for the manipulation of cellular genomes by protoplast fusion?

    <p>Somatic hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is crucial for the dedifferentiation process in plant tissue culture?

    <p>Auxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plant tissue culture involves the culture of seeds to generate plants?

    <p>Seed culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of using plant tissue culture for crop production?

    <p>Mass propagation of identical plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where callus tissue forms a whole plant?

    <p>Redifferentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process helps eliminate viruses from plants during tissue culture?

    <p>Meristematic isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of plant tissue culture enables the selection of specific traits?

    <p>In vitro selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is somatic embryogenesis commonly referred to in the context of plant tissue culture?

    <p>Artificial seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gel electrophoresis primarily used for?

    <p>To separate macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, or protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of migration of macromolecules in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Molecular weight of the buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do longer molecules behave in gel electrophoresis compared to shorter molecules?

    <p>They migrate slower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a molecular marker system?

    <p>Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) as a molecular marker?

    <p>It is time-consuming and expensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do restriction enzymes do?

    <p>They cut DNA at specific sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of molecular marker system mentioned?

    <p>Gene expression profiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are molecular markers useful in breeding programs?

    <p>They allow tracking the inheritance of different regions of the genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are microsatellites typically composed of in terms of base pairs?

    <p>Two to five base pairs long</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in DNA profiling involves the use of labelled primers?

    <p>PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context can DNA fingerprints be used for personal identification?

    <p>To identify casualties or missing persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one application of DNA fingerprinting in forensic science?

    <p>To link suspects to biological evidence at a crime scene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cannot be true about an individual's VNTRs?

    <p>They can be entirely different from their parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is GenBank?

    <p>An annotated collection of all publicly available DNA sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which database contains genomic mapping data from the human genome project?

    <p>The Genome Database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does BLAST stand for?

    <p>Basic Local Alignment Search Tool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Entrez database?

    <p>To serve as a gateway to several major searchable databases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an application area mentioned for bioinformatics?

    <p>Virtual Reality Gaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following databases collaborates with EMBL and GenBank?

    <p>DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a BLAST search return?

    <p>Scores for each result including names and annotations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization developed the BLAST search tool?

    <p>Altschul, Gish, Miller, Myers, and Lipman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Techniques in Modern Biotechnology

    • Plant tissue culture: Sterile cultivation of plant parts (organs, embryos, seeds, single cells) on nutrient media.
    • Totipotency: A single cell's ability to regenerate into a complete organism.
    • Dedifferentiation: Non-dividing cells reverting to an undifferentiated, meristematic state, forming callus tissue.
    • Redifferentiation: Callus tissue forming a whole plant or plant organs.
    • Plant tissue culture benefits:
      • Mass propagation of desirable plants.
      • Somatic embryogenesis (artificial seeds).
      • In vitro selection for traits like disease resistance.
      • Virus elimination: Meristematic regions are isolated and grafted to produce virus-free plants.
    • Types of in vitro cultures:
      • Callus culture: Culture of differentiated tissue that dedifferentiates.
      • Cell culture: Culture of cells or cell aggregates in liquid medium.
      • Protoplast culture: Culture of plant cells without cell walls.
      • Embryo culture: Culture of isolated embryos to save important species.
      • Seed culture: Culture of seeds to generate plants.
      • Organ culture: Culture of isolated plant organs like anthers, roots, stems, buds, and shoots.
    • Somatic hybridization: Manipulation of cellular genomes by protoplast fusion, allowing species barriers to be crossed.
    • Gel electrophoresis: Uses an electric current to separate macromolecules (DNA, RNA, or protein) in a gel matrix.
    • Factors affecting migration in gel electrophoresis: Size, strength of the field, net charge, ionic strength, viscosity, temperature.
    • Molecular markers: DNA polymorphisms used to track inheritance of genomic regions.
    • Molecular marker systems:
      • Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP): First widely used marker but time-consuming and expensive.
      • Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
      • Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)
      • Microsatellite markers
      • Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
    • Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP): DNA is treated with restriction enzymes, creating fragments that are hybridized to cloned DNA.
    • DNA Fingerprinting: Based on VNTRs (Variable Number Tandem Repeats), which are unique to individuals.
    • Applications of DNA Fingerprinting:
      • Forensic investigation: Linking suspects to biological evidence.
      • Paternity establishment in legal cases.
      • Personal identification: Useful for disaster relief or missing persons cases.
    • Bioinformatics: Study and analysis of biological data, particularly DNA and protein sequences.
    • Major databases:
      • GenBank: Annotated collection of publicly available DNA sequences.
      • EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database: Contains DNA and RNA sequences, genome sequencing projects, and patent applications.
      • DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ): Collects nucleotide sequences primarily from Japanese researchers.
      • Entrez: Integrated search system for nucleotide, protein, 3-D structures, genomes, taxonomy, and literature.
      • The Genome Database: Contains mapping data from the Human Genome Project.
      • Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) Database: Catalog of human genes and genetic disorders.
      • BLAST: Searches sequence databases for similarities between nucleotide and protein sequences.
    • BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool): Used to compare sequences for similarities.
    • Applications of Bioinformatics in Biotechnology Research:
      • Agriculture
      • Human Health
      • Industry
      • Environment and Wildlife Conservation
      • Forensics

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    Description

    Explore the essential techniques in modern biotechnology, focusing on plant tissue culture, totipotency, and the process of dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. This quiz will cover the benefits of these techniques, including mass propagation and virus elimination. Test your knowledge on various types of in vitro cultures and their applications.

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