Questions and Answers
What are the two phases of adolescence according to the World Health Organization?
early adolescence and late adolescence
What changes are characterised by the physical development of adolescents?
Adolescent's brain does not undergo any significant structural changes during puberty.
False
According to Santrock (2016), sleep is critical for brain _____
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In what way can processing speed be assessed?
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What is a characteristic of adolescents when it comes to divided attention?
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In adolescence, the process of irrelevant information increases.
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Physical changes in late adulthood carry an increased risk of ______ disability.
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Match the brain changes with aging:
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What is the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult according to AASM-SRS? (in hours)
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Which resource provides information on peer relationships in adolescence?
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Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections.
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What is the recommended amount of sleep for adults per night to promote optimal health?
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How many periods during the lifespan does Schaie's life cycle model of cognitive development propose for human cognitive processes to develop within?
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In middle age, people become more internally reflective and less context-dependent in their thinking compared to young adults. (True/False)
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According to Papalia & Olds, late adulthood is the stage for the creation of ______ stage.
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Match the aspect of cognition that improves with aging to the correct description:
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Study Notes
Target Students' Overview
- Recognizing the differences between teenagers and adults is essential for effective teaching.
- Human developmental stages play a crucial role in developing a significant learning process.
General Characteristics of Youngsters
- Adolescence (10-19 years) is a unique and formative time, according to the World Health Organization (2020).
- There are two phases: early adolescence (between 12 to 14 years old) and late adolescence (between 15 to 19 years old).
- Physical development during adolescence involves rapid growth, brain-neuroendocrine changes, and puberty.
Brain Development
- The brain changes as we grow and age, with significant structural changes occurring in the corpus callosum, limbic system, and amygdala.
- The brain's plasticity results from learning, experience, and memory formation or damage to the brain.
Sleep and Nutrition
- Sleep is essential for brain plasticity, energy, and reconstructing our bodies and brains.
- More than 65% of teens in the US get less than 8 hours of sleep on school nights, leading to fatigue, irritability, and grumpiness.
- Nutrition and eating habits are a concern, with fast food consumption increasing in adolescence, often leading to higher body mass indices and eating disorders.
Exercise and Cognitive Development
- Exercise is essential for a healthy life, reducing triglyceride levels, blood pressure, and the incidence of diabetes.
- Cognitive development in adolescence involves abstract, idealistic, and logical thinking, with the ability to think more like a scientist.
- Information processing and attention improve during adolescence, with a decrease in irrelevant information and an ability to involve in divided attention.
Emotional Development
- Adolescence is a time of increased emotional intensity, with mood swings, negative emotions, and a desire for independence.
- Securely attached adolescents show more competent behavior, with positive peer relationships and emotion regulation.
Peer Relationships
- Peer relationships are crucial in adolescence, with peers influencing development and contributing to health and well-being.
- Cliques and crowds form during adolescence, with adolescents seeking social interest and intimacy.
Language Development
- Adolescents use a wide range of words in various contexts, with complex writing and abstract thinking.
- Everyday speech varies during adolescence, with the use of dialect, jargon, and slang.
Dating and Independence
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Dating becomes an important aspect of many teens' lives, with early dating associated with developmental problems.
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Culture influences dating, and parents have a positive influence on development when they have experienced a secure attachment in childhood.### Adulthood Education
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Adulthood education refers to all forms of education and learning that adults participate in, including literacy, community development, college credit programs, on-the-job training, and continuing professional education.
Stages of Adulthood
- Adulthood begins around the age of 20 and has three distinct stages: early, middle, and late.
- Each stage brings its own set of rewards and challenges.
Physical Development
- Early adulthood can seem uneventful in the body's history after the dramatic physical changes of puberty.
- Most adults reach their peak levels of physical performance before the age of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26.
- Different types of athletes reach their peak performance at different ages.
- Physical changes in middle adulthood usually appear gradually, and rates of aging vary considerably from person to person.
- Late adulthood carries an increased risk of physical disability.
Brain Development
- Changes in the brain continue into adulthood, but differ from the childhood stage in which the brain grows.
- In adulthood, the brain begins to slow and lose weight.
- The brain has the capacity to virtually rewire itself to compensate for loss in late adulthood.
- Brain lateralization usually decreases in older adults.
Sleep
- Adults need to sleep seven or more hours per night on a regular basis to promote optimal health.
- Chronic sleep deprivation may contribute to cardiovascular disease and a shortened life span, and result in cognitive and motor impairment.
Nutrition and Eating Behaviour
- Early adulthood is a period associated with poor diet and rapid weight gain.
- Maintaining good nutrition and eating behaviour is essential to avoid health problems.
- Leaving home, leaving education, going to work, and living with other people can lead to changes in daily diet.
Exercise
- Exercise is linked to many aspects of physical and mental health, and its benefits continue in adulthood.
- Adults need to spend about 45 minutes per day of moderate physical activity.
Cognitive and Emotional Development
- Piaget stated that adults and adolescents use the same type of reasoning.
- Schaie proposed the life cycle model of cognitive development, which includes seven stages: Acquisitive, Achieve, Responsible, Executive, Reorganization, Reintegrative, and Creation of legacy stages.
Information Processing
- The information-processing approach analyses how individuals encode information, manipulate, monitor, and create strategies for handling it.
- A limitation in the processing of information is the speed at which it is carried out.
- Attention skills are often excellent in early adulthood.
Thinking
- The daily effectiveness of problem-solving and decision-making remains stable in early and middle adulthood, and then some aspects decline in late adulthood, while others may increase.
Language Development
- For many people, the knowledge and meaning of words remain in adulthood without showing essential changes, and they can even improve until adulthood.
- However, some decline in language skills may occur when retrieving words for use in conversation, speech understanding, phonological skills in late adulthood.
Peer Relationships
- Friends play an important role in adult development, especially by providing emotional support throughout the years.
- However, regardless of age, friendship is an important aspect of relationships.
Play and Leisure
- Middle adulthood can be a specific time to enjoy leisure because it experiences more expansion of free time, and increased income.
- Social interaction is an important aspect to help people cope with stress at this stage, which involves work, family, and professional development.
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Description
This quiz covers the methods and approaches used in teaching English to youngsters and adults, focusing on language teaching techniques and strategies.
