Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of learner orientation in FLT?
What is the primary goal of learner orientation in FLT?
- To focus on knowledge and comprehension
- To adapt language teaching to learners' individual psychological dispositions and constructions of identity (correct)
- To foster teacher autonomy
- To promote textbook-driven learning
Which approach is characteristic of education in the 21st century?
Which approach is characteristic of education in the 21st century?
- Teacher-centred and product-oriented
- Receptive and isolated learning
- Learner-centred and process-oriented (correct)
- Homogenising and fragmented curriculum
What type of learning is fostered through project work?
What type of learning is fostered through project work?
- Reproductive learning
- Isolated learning
- Textbook-driven learning
- Application-oriented learning (correct)
What is a key aspect of creating a safe space in the classroom?
What is a key aspect of creating a safe space in the classroom?
What is the primary focus of education in the 21st century?
What is the primary focus of education in the 21st century?
What is the goal of fostering learner autonomy?
What is the goal of fostering learner autonomy?
What type of curriculum is characteristic of education in the 21st century?
What type of curriculum is characteristic of education in the 21st century?
What is a key aspect of fostering autonomous learning?
What is a key aspect of fostering autonomous learning?
Which teaching approach emphasizes the use of authentic language in real-life situations?
Which teaching approach emphasizes the use of authentic language in real-life situations?
What is the primary goal of Task-Based Language Learning (TBLL)?
What is the primary goal of Task-Based Language Learning (TBLL)?
Which approach prioritizes learners' interaction and negotiation of meaning?
Which approach prioritizes learners' interaction and negotiation of meaning?
What is the basis of the input hypothesis in Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)?
What is the basis of the input hypothesis in Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)?
What is the primary focus of the Direct Method?
What is the primary focus of the Direct Method?
Which approach involves 'scaffolding' to help learners complete tasks?
Which approach involves 'scaffolding' to help learners complete tasks?
What is the key principle of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in terms of teaching approach?
What is the key principle of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in terms of teaching approach?
What is the primary emphasis of Task-Based Language Learning (TBLL) in terms of language use?
What is the primary emphasis of Task-Based Language Learning (TBLL) in terms of language use?
Which learner difference can be influenced by teaching and is complex in itself?
Which learner difference can be influenced by teaching and is complex in itself?
What can be a result of the Pygmalion effect in a multicultural classroom?
What can be a result of the Pygmalion effect in a multicultural classroom?
Which of the following is an implication for teachers when considering learner differences?
Which of the following is an implication for teachers when considering learner differences?
Why is it essential for teachers to be aware of learners' attitudes towards foreign languages?
Why is it essential for teachers to be aware of learners' attitudes towards foreign languages?
How can teachers effectively manage diverse classrooms?
How can teachers effectively manage diverse classrooms?
What can be a benefit of diversity in a multicultural classroom?
What can be a benefit of diversity in a multicultural classroom?
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Study Notes
Teaching and Learning Approaches and Methods
- Teacher Orientation:
- Grammar-Translation Method: focuses on teaching language structures alone
- Direct Method: uses the target language only, with lots of visuals and input from the teacher
- Audiolingual/Audiovisual Method: focuses on oral mastery, using one specific structure at a time, and pattern-drill with no interaction
- Learner Orientation:
- Communicative Language Teaching (CLT): emphasizes real-life interaction, authentic input, and output hypothesis
- Task-Based Language Learning (TBLL): focuses on language as a means of communication to solve problems or work on a product
Key Principles of CLT
- Teaching should be oriented around authentic situations of language in use and functional contexts
- Creating opportunities for learners to interact with others, focus on meaning, and negotiate meaning
- Basic principles include input hypothesis, output hypothesis, and corrective feedback
Task-Based Language Learning (TBLL)
- Action-oriented, focusing on language as a means of communication
- Avoids practice of specific forms or phrases, and instead focuses on solving problems or working on a product
- Involves relevant content, interaction, and cooperative learning
- Holistic tasks with a focus on meaning, and form/structure is integrated through feedback and activities
- Scaffolding helps learners work on tasks, and promotes learner autonomy
Creating an Effective Learning Environment
- Create a safe space and build trust
- Give positive and appreciative feedback
- Use cooperative learning, buddy systems, and creative activities
- Incorporate project work, diversity, and experience-oriented learning
- Foster autonomous learning by teaching learning strategies
Paradigm Shift in Education
- Before the 21st Century: teacher-centred, product-oriented, and focused on reproduction
- Since the 21st Century: learner-centred, process-oriented, and focused on application
- Shift from knowledge and comprehension to analysis and synthesis
- From textbook-driven to project-driven, and from fragmented to interdisciplinary curricula
- From teacher assessment to self- and peer-assessment, and from homogenising to diversifying
Learner Differences
- Features: age, socio-cultural background, economic capital, gender, language repertoire, strategic repertoire, experiences, aptitude, affective stage, attitudes, beliefs, motivation, cognitive style, and special needs
- Note: these features are complex, not fixed, and can be influenced by teaching
- Effect of these features on school achievements: hierarchies, unequal chances
- Implications for teachers: Pygmalion effect, being aware of different backgrounds, and diversity as a challenge and resource
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