TCR Beta Chain Locus and Diversity Generation

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Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that capture antigens only through receptor-mediated endocytosis.

False (B)

Upon maturation in secondary lymphoid organs, dendritic cells downregulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.

False (B)

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) include macrophages and T cells.

False (B)

Nucleated cells cannot display antigens on their surface via MHC class I molecules.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

APCs, such as dendritic cells, are particularly efficient in antigen presentation due to their low expression of MHC molecules and co-stimulatory molecules.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Combinatorial diversity only refers to the random combination of V and J gene segments during gene rearrangement.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Junctional diversity is introduced by the precise joining of gene segments without any insertion or deletion of nucleotides.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The first checkpoint in lymphocyte maturation occurs in secondary lymphoid organs.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Auto-reactivity is a common event due to ineffective mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Peripheral tolerance involves the recognition of self-antigens by mature lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Peptide binding to MHC molecules is influenced by the anchor amino acids within the peptide sequence.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

During the Double-Positive (DP) stage, T cells express both CD4 and CD40 coreceptors.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Individuals always react the same way to identical peptides due to the uniform nature of MHC molecules.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Peptide fragments generated from endogenous proteins in the cytosol for display by class I MHC molecules are transported into the Golgi apparatus for binding.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Single-Positive (SP) stage involves negative selection for self-reactivity.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Antigen processing for display by class II MHC molecules occurs in the cytosol.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Antigen receptor gene rearrangement is not required for generating diverse repertoire of antigen receptors in T cells.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The diversity of the peptide repertoire generated from pathogens contributes to individual differences in immune responses.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

The process of antigen receptor gene rearrangement involves the recombination of V, D, and J gene segments.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

The Ig Heavy Chain Locus contains V, D, and C gene segments.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The interactions between the TCR and MHC-peptide complex primarily involve the constant regions of the TCR chains.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

ITAM stands for Intracellular Tyrosine-based Activation Motif.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

CD4 and CD8 are considered co-receptors because they directly phosphorylate ITAMs upon TCR engagement.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Lck (lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase) is responsible for modifying ITAM-containing proteins in a T cell.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

HIV binds to CD8 as part of its entry mechanism into CD4+ T cells.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Costimulators are molecules expressed on the surface of T cells that provide additional signals to APCs to promote their activation and proliferation.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

CD4 and CD8 are co-receptors that interact directly with MHC class II molecules, enhancing TCR-mediated antigen recognition.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

CLTA-4 and PD-1 are costimulatory molecules expressed on the surface of APCs.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

IL-2 plays a central role in antigen recognition and T cell activation.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Each T cell expresses receptors (TCRs) that are specific for multiple antigenic peptides presented by MHC molecules.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The pre-T cell receptor consists of a β chain and a surrogate α chain.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The association of CD3 signaling chains (ε, δ, γ) is required for activation and signaling in the pre-T cell.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

In response to signaling from the pre-T cell receptor, the T cell undergoes apoptosis instead of proliferation and differentiation.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The generation of a large pool of T cells with identical antigen receptors occurs during negative selection in the thymus.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Effector T cells produced in the thymus express CD8 co-receptor.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

T cell maturation involves positive selection for self-reactivity and negative selection for MHC recognition.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Costimulatory molecules, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, promote T cell activation by inhibiting immune responses.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

IL-2 is a cytokine that suppresses T cell proliferation and differentiation.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Peripheral tolerance involves the recognition of foreign antigens by mature lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Junctional diversity is introduced by the random combination of V and J gene segments during gene rearrangement.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Dendritic Cells (DCs)

Specialized antigen-presenting cells that capture antigens via receptor-mediated endocytosis.

MHC Expression in DCs

DCs maintain high MHC expression during maturation in secondary lymphoid tissues.

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

Cells that display antigens to other immune cells. Examples include macrophages and dendritic cells.

MHC Class I Antigen Presentation

Nucleated cells display endogenous antigen fragments using MHC class I molecules.

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Peripheral Tolerance

Mechanism of preventing the immune system from reacting against self. The process includes recognition of self-antigens in secondary lymphoid organs.

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MHC-Peptide Binding

Anchor amino acids in peptides determine how peptides bind to MHC molecules.

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Double-Positive (DP) T cells

T cells expressing both CD4 and CD8 coreceptors.

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MHC Molecule Uniformity

Individuals may respond differently to similar peptides due to varying MHC molecules.

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Antigen Processing for MHC Class II

Antigen processing occurs in endosomal compartments for display on MHC class II molecules.

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Antigen Receptor Gene Rearrangement

V, D, and J gene segments rearrange to generate a vast diversity of antigen receptors (TCRs).

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T Cell Receptor Diversity

The diversity of peptides from pathogens impacts unique immune responses.

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Single-Positive (SP) T cells

A T cell has either CD4 or CD8, but not both. Negative selection of self-reactive cells occurs.

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Lck (Lymphocyte-Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase)

Lck modulates ITAM-containing proteins for cellular activation after T cell antigen recognition.

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CD4, CD8 Coreceptors

CD4 and CD8 are co-receptors that interact with MHC-bound peptides to enhance T cell recognition and activation.

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Costimulatory Molecules (CTLA-4, PD-1)

These molecules on T cells regulate T cell activation, often by inhibiting the immune response.

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IL-2's Role in T cells

IL-2 is a cytokine that stimulates T cell proliferation and differentiation.

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T Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity

Each T cell expresses a unique TCR that recognizes a specific peptide-MHC combination.

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Pre-T cell Receptor

A receptor consisting of a beta chain and a surrogate alpha chain, crucial in early T cell development.

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CD3 Signaling Chains

These chains (ε, δ, γ) are needed for signaling when the pre-T cell receptor recognizes its partner.

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Negative Selection in Thymus

Removes T cells that recognize self-antigens, preventing autoimmune reactions.

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Effector T Cells, Maturation

Effector T cells develop outside the thymus, expressing either CD4 or CD8, depending on the T cell subset.

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T Cell Maturation, Selection

T cell development involves positive selection and negative selection for proper MHC recognition.

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Costimulatory Molecules (CTLA-4, PD-1)

Often inhibit T cell activation to help regulate immune responses.

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IL-2, T Cell Role

Acts as a crucial cytokine in T cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Doesn't participate in activation.

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Peripheral Tolerance

Recognition and inactivation of self-reactive lymphocytes in the periphery.

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TCR Beta Chain Locus and Diversity Generation

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Questions and Answers

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that capture antigens only through receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Upon maturation in secondary lymphoid organs, dendritic cells downregulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) include macrophages and T cells.

Nucleated cells cannot display antigens on their surface via MHC class I molecules.

APCs, such as dendritic cells, are particularly efficient in antigen presentation due to their low expression of MHC molecules and co-stimulatory molecules.

Combinatorial diversity only refers to the random combination of V and J gene segments during gene rearrangement.

Junctional diversity is introduced by the precise joining of gene segments without any insertion or deletion of nucleotides.

The first checkpoint in lymphocyte maturation occurs in secondary lymphoid organs.

Auto-reactivity is a common event due to ineffective mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance.

Peripheral tolerance involves the recognition of self-antigens by mature lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs.

Peptide binding to MHC molecules is influenced by the anchor amino acids within the peptide sequence.

During the Double-Positive (DP) stage, T cells express both CD4 and CD40 coreceptors.

Individuals always react the same way to identical peptides due to the uniform nature of MHC molecules.

Peptide fragments generated from endogenous proteins in the cytosol for display by class I MHC molecules are transported into the Golgi apparatus for binding.

Single-Positive (SP) stage involves negative selection for self-reactivity.

Antigen processing for display by class II MHC molecules occurs in the cytosol.

Antigen receptor gene rearrangement is not required for generating diverse repertoire of antigen receptors in T cells.

The diversity of the peptide repertoire generated from pathogens contributes to individual differences in immune responses.

The process of antigen receptor gene rearrangement involves the recombination of V, D, and J gene segments.

The Ig Heavy Chain Locus contains V, D, and C gene segments.

The interactions between the TCR and MHC-peptide complex primarily involve the constant regions of the TCR chains.

ITAM stands for Intracellular Tyrosine-based Activation Motif.

CD4 and CD8 are considered co-receptors because they directly phosphorylate ITAMs upon TCR engagement.

Lck (lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase) is responsible for modifying ITAM-containing proteins in a T cell.

HIV binds to CD8 as part of its entry mechanism into CD4+ T cells.

Costimulators are molecules expressed on the surface of T cells that provide additional signals to APCs to promote their activation and proliferation.

CD4 and CD8 are co-receptors that interact directly with MHC class II molecules, enhancing TCR-mediated antigen recognition.

CLTA-4 and PD-1 are costimulatory molecules expressed on the surface of APCs.

IL-2 plays a central role in antigen recognition and T cell activation.

Each T cell expresses receptors (TCRs) that are specific for multiple antigenic peptides presented by MHC molecules.

The pre-T cell receptor consists of a β chain and a surrogate α chain.

The association of CD3 signaling chains (ε, δ, γ) is required for activation and signaling in the pre-T cell.

In response to signaling from the pre-T cell receptor, the T cell undergoes apoptosis instead of proliferation and differentiation.

The generation of a large pool of T cells with identical antigen receptors occurs during negative selection in the thymus.

Effector T cells produced in the thymus express CD8 co-receptor.

T cell maturation involves positive selection for self-reactivity and negative selection for MHC recognition.

Costimulatory molecules, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, promote T cell activation by inhibiting immune responses.

IL-2 is a cytokine that suppresses T cell proliferation and differentiation.

Peripheral tolerance involves the recognition of foreign antigens by mature lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs.

Junctional diversity is introduced by the random combination of V and J gene segments during gene rearrangement.

Flashcards

Dendritic Cells (DCs)

MHC Expression in DCs

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

MHC Class I Antigen Presentation

Peripheral Tolerance

MHC-Peptide Binding

Double-Positive (DP) T cells

MHC Molecule Uniformity

Antigen Processing for MHC Class II

Antigen Receptor Gene Rearrangement

T Cell Receptor Diversity

Single-Positive (SP) T cells

Lck (Lymphocyte-Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase)

CD4, CD8 Coreceptors

Costimulatory Molecules (CTLA-4, PD-1)

IL-2's Role in T cells

T Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity

Pre-T cell Receptor

CD3 Signaling Chains

Negative Selection in Thymus

Effector T Cells, Maturation

T Cell Maturation, Selection

Costimulatory Molecules (CTLA-4, PD-1)

IL-2, T Cell Role

Peripheral Tolerance

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