TCP/IP and OSI Model Overview

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Questions and Answers

What does TCP/IP stand for?

Transmission Control Process/Internet Protocol

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (correct)

Transmission Communication Process/Internet Protocol

Technical Control Program/Internet Protocol

Which layer is responsible for routing protocols such as RIP and OSPF?

Application layer

Transport layer

Host to Host layer

Internet layer (correct)

What is the primary goal of the TCP three-way handshake?

To establish a secure channel

To initiate a connection (correct)

To encrypt data packets

To terminate an existing connection

Which of the following layers combines the functions of the application, presentation, and session layers?

Application layer Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym DOD stand for in the context of TCP/IP?

Department of Defense Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Checksum field in a data segment?

To verify that data has not been modified during transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protocols operates at the Network Access Layer?

Ethernet Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Source port number in a segment?

To identify the sender’s port for communication Signup and view all the answers

What type of address is used for routed protocols such as IP?

Logical Address Signup and view all the answers

Which field confirms the total number of segments received by the receiver?

Acknowledgment number Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of values for port numbers in a segment?

0 to 65535 Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol can be classified under WAN protocols?

Frame Relay Signup and view all the answers

What does the Sequence number field in a segment help with?

Arranging segments in the correct order Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the sixth field in TCP?

To reserve space for future use by developers Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'R' symbol in TCP flags represent?

Request to restore the connection Signup and view all the answers

How is the checksum verified in TCP communication?

By performing a mathematical operation on the sent and received data Signup and view all the answers

What does an urgent pointer signify in TCP?

It marks the presence of urgent segments Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Destination Address (DA) in packet transmission?

To determine the recipient of the incoming packet Signup and view all the answers

What does the Start of Frame Delimiter (SOF) allow the receiving device to do?

Lock the incoming bit stream for synchronization Signup and view all the answers

What is the format of the Source Address (SA) in packet transmission?

48-bit MAC address using LSB first Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the flags field in TCP?

8 bits Signup and view all the answers

What does the Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field store?

Cycle Redundancy Check (CRC) Signup and view all the answers

What problem is associated with ring topology networks?

Not fault tolerant Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly represents a field in an Ethernet frame?

Source Address Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Ethernet's media-access method?

Devices compete for the use of the same bandwidth Signup and view all the answers

How many devices can be connected to one MAU in a token ring network?

33 devices Signup and view all the answers

What is a major disadvantage of token ring networks?

Difficult reconfiguration process Signup and view all the answers

What type of cables can be used in ARC-net according to IEEE 802.5?

Twisted pair or fiber cables Signup and view all the answers

In the context of networking, what does the term 'token passing' refer to?

An access control protocol for data transmission Signup and view all the answers

What is a collision domain in Ethernet networking?

A network segment where devices can cause data collisions. Signup and view all the answers

What method does Ethernet use to help devices share bandwidth without collisions?

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Signup and view all the answers

What type of topology connects computers to a central device with individual cables?

Star topology Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of star topology over bus topology?

Increased fault tolerance and easier troubleshooting Signup and view all the answers

What happens when two devices transmit at the same time in a collision domain?

A collision occurs and both devices must retransmit. Signup and view all the answers

Which devices can prevent a transmission from propagating throughout the entire Ethernet network?

Bridges, switches, and routers Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of collisions on network performance?

They negatively affect network performance. Signup and view all the answers

What typically represents a single collision domain in a network?

A hub Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a fundamental protocol suite used for communication on the Internet and intranets.
TCP/IP is based on the Department of Defense (DOD) model.

IP (Internet Protocol)

IP is a network layer protocol responsible for addressing and routing data packets across networks.
IP defines a logical addressing scheme (IP addresses) for devices.
Examples of network layer protocols: RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, IS-IS
Examples of routed protocols: IP, Apple Talk, IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange)
Examples of message and control protocols: ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), Error Message, Ping, Traceroute
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used to translate logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

TCP provides reliable and ordered delivery of data segments.
TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish a connection between two devices.

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model & TCP/IP Relationship

The OSI model is a theoretical framework that defines seven layers of network communication.
TCP/IP maps to the OSI model but does not strictly follow all its layers.

Network Access Layer

The Network Access Layer is responsible for the physical transmission of data over a network medium.
Examples of LAN protocols: Ethernet, Token Ring, ARC-NET
Examples of WAN protocols: HDLC, PPP, ISDN, Frame Relay, ATM
MAC addresses are physical addresses that uniquely identifies a device on a network.
The Network Access Layer converts binary data into signals suitable for the network media.

TCP Segment Header Fields

Source port number: Specifies the port number of the sending device.
Destination port number: Specifies the port number of the receiving device.
Total Length: Indicates the total length of the TCP segment (header + data).
Checksum: Ensures data integrity during transmission by performing an arithmetic operation on the segment.

TCP Segment Header Fields for Connection Management

Sequence number: Identifies individual data segments and facilitates in order delivery.
Acknowledgment number: Confirms receipt of segments from the sender.
DO: Shows the size of the TCP header.
RSV: Reserved field for future use.
Flags: Control bits that manage the connection state and data transfer.
Window: Specifies the allowed number of segments that can be sent without acknowledgment.

Ethernet Frame Structure

Preamble: Contains a synchronization pattern that allows the receiver to identify the start of a frame.
Start of Frame Delimiter (SOF)/Synch: Marks the beginning of the frame.
Destination Address (DA): 48-bit MAC address of the intended recipient.
Source Address (SA): 48-bit MAC address of the transmitting device.
Length or Type: Specifies the total length of the frame or indicates the upper layer protocol.
Data: Data payload from the Network layer.
Frame Check Sequence (FCS): CRC value used for error detection.

Token Ring Network

Devices in a token ring network are connected in a closed loop, creating a circular path for data transmission.
A special token circulates around the ring.
A device can transfer data only when it possesses the token.

ARC-NET

A token passing network, using UTP or fiber optic cables.

Ethernet Network

Ethernet uses a contention-based media access method called Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).
Devices share the same bandwidth.
Collisions can occur when multiple devices attempt to transmit simultaneously.
Collision domains are network segments where a collision can occur.
Broadcast domains are network segments where broadcasts can reach all devices.

Star Topology

Devices are connected to a central hub, switch, or access point.
Offers better fault tolerance compared to bus topology.
Offers easier troubleshooting.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of TCP/IP and the OSI model, including the roles of different protocols such as IP and TCP in data communication. Understand how addressing, routing, and reliable delivery mechanisms work in network communications. Test your knowledge on key protocols and their functions within the internet architecture.