TCP Transport Layer Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of TCP in the transport layer?

To route packets over the network

To ensure reliable delivery of data (correct)

To perform error checking on the application layer

To segment data for IP addressing

Which of the following operations is NOT performed by TCP?

Retransmitting unacknowledged data

Segregating data for IP addressing (correct)

Tracking which information has been sent

Acknowledge received data

What type of protocol is TCP categorized as?

Connection-oriented protocol (correct)

Connection-less protocol

Layer 1 protocol

Stateless protocol

What component of TCP ensures data arrives in the correct order?

Data sequencing Signup and view all the answers

What overhead is added by a TCP segment when encapsulating application layer data?

20 bytes Signup and view all the answers

How does TCP keep track of the state of a communication session?

By using acknowledgment numbers Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the transport layer protocols such as TCP and UDP?

To specify how to transfer messages between hosts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about UDP compared to TCP?

UDP has less overhead than TCP Signup and view all the answers

What is the destination port used for FTP services according to the request generated by the PC?

21 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a valid socket pair for a web service request as described?

192.168.1.5:49152, 192.168.1.7:80 Signup and view all the answers

Why can an individual server not have two services assigned to the same port number?

Only one service can be active on a given port. Signup and view all the answers

Which source port number is used by Client 1 for requesting web services?

49152 Signup and view all the answers

What happens to incoming requests addressed to the correct socket on a server?

They are accepted and passed to the server application. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following port numbers is typically assigned for SMTP email services?

25 Signup and view all the answers

In a socket notation, what does the expression '192.168.1.5:1099' represent?

The client's IP address and source port. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about active server applications assigned to specific ports?

They are always open and ready to accept requests. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the sliding windows protocol?

To allow continuous transmission of segments from the sender Signup and view all the answers

What does the Maximum Segment Size (MSS) indicate?

The highest number of bytes that can be sent in a single TCP segment Signup and view all the answers

How does a device typically determine its MSS value?

By calculating the difference between the IP and TCP headers and the MTU Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the window size if the destination's buffer space decreases?

It reduces to inform the source to send less data Signup and view all the answers

What is a common value for MSS when using IPv4?

1460 bytes Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when network congestion is detected?

Packets are lost, leading to unacknowledged TCP segments Signup and view all the answers

What could happen if retransmission of TCP segments is not properly controlled during congestion?

It may worsen the congestion situation Signup and view all the answers

During the three-way handshake, which of the following aspects is included?

The Maximum Segment Size (MSS) of the devices Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean that IP is considered a 'Best Effort Delivery' protocol?

It does not guarantee packet delivery or order. Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for preparing the IP packet for transmission?

Data Link Layer Signup and view all the answers

What does the Time-to-Live (TTL) field in an IPv4 packet do?

It limits the packet's lifetime as it traverses the network. Signup and view all the answers

What is one major limitation of IPv4?

It has a limited number of unique public addresses. Signup and view all the answers

What field in an IPv4 packet header is used to identify the next level protocol?

Protocol Signup and view all the answers

What does MTU (maximum transmission unit) refer to in IP?

The maximum size of the Protocol Data Unit that can be transported. Signup and view all the answers

Which feature differentiates IPv6 from IPv4?

It has a greater number of available addresses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a significant field in the IPv4 packet header?

Maximum Speed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of static addressing in a network?

To provide consistent IP addresses for network devices Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol provides services specifically for IPv6 clients?

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of TCP port 21 in FTP communication?

Control traffic connection Signup and view all the answers

How does the transport layer support communication between applications on different hosts?

By facilitating end-to-end connections Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the transport layer is NOT true?

It knows the destination host type Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main protocols included in the transport layer?

TCP and UDP Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the establishment of a transport layer session?

A persistent connection for applications is created Signup and view all the answers

In what way is the server message block (SMB) protocol primarily utilized?

For client/server file sharing and print services Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a default gateway in a network?

To route traffic to other networks Signup and view all the answers

How does a host typically receive the default gateway address?

Through DHCP or manual configuration Signup and view all the answers

Which command can be used on a Windows host to display the routing table?

route print Signup and view all the answers

What information does the IPv4 Route Table contain?

All known IPv4 routes Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a host needs to contact a remote network?

It uses the default gateway for routing Signup and view all the answers

The default route in a host's routing table is established through which configuration?

Default gateway configuration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the default gateway?

It requires a manual IP address configuration in all cases Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the Interface List section of the routing table on a Windows host?

MAC addresses and interface numbers of all network interfaces Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Application Layer

Supports end-user applications
Works with session and presentation layers for network services
Protocols interact with end user applications
Well-known TCP/IP application layer protocols operate
Web and email protocols operate
DNS and DHCP operate
File transfer protocols operate

Application, Presentation, and Session

Application Layer
- Closest to the end user
- Used to exchange data between programs running on source and destination hosts
Presentation Layer
- Formats data
- Compresses data
- Encrypts data
Session Layer
- Creates and maintains dialogs between source and destination applications

TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols

Domain Name Server (DNS) – TCP, UDP 53 - translates domain names like cisco.com to IP addresses
Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) - superseded by DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) UDP client 68, server 67 - dynamically assigns IP addresses to client stations during startup
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) TCP 25 - enables clients to send email to a mail server
Post Office Protocol (POP) TCP 110 - enables clients to retrieve email from a mail server
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) TCP 143 - enables clients to retrieve and maintain email on the server
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) -TCP 20 and 21 - reliable, connection-oriented, and acknowledged file delivery protocol
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) UDP 69 - simple connectionless file transfer protocol
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) TCP 80, 8080 - set of rules for exchanging text, graphic images, etc. on the World Wide Web
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) TCP, UDP 443 - uses encryption and authentication to secure communication

Web and Email Protocols

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
- Request/response protocol
- Three common HTTP message types: GET, POST, PUT
HTTP Secure (HTTPS)
- Uses encryption and authentication to secure data
Email Protocols
- Email clients communicate with mail servers to send and receive email
- Mail servers communicate to transport messages from one domain to another
  - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) - send email
  - Post Office Protocol (POP) - retrieve email
  - Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) - retrieve email

IP Addressing Services

Domain Name Service (DNS)
- Converts numeric addresses into simple names
- Automated service that matches resource names with numeric network addresses
DNS Message Format
- Uses the same message format for all types of client queries and server responses
- Handles error messages
- Transfers resource record information between servers
DNS Hierarchy
- Hierarchical structure of DNS servers that contain resource records
nslookup command
- Utility to query name servers to resolve a given host
- Troubleshoots name resolution issues
- Verifies name server status
DHCP
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
- Automates the assignment of IPv4 addresses
- Leases addresses for a time, then returns to pool
DHCP Operations -Uses commands such as DHCPDISCOVER, DHCPOFFER, DHCPREQUEST and DHCPACK
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) -Requires two connections between the client and the server

Server Message Block (SMB)
- Client/server file sharing protocol
- Primarily used for file-sharing and print services (Microsoft networking)

The Transport Layer

Transport Layer Characteristics
- Supports network communication
Transport Layer Session Establishment
- Establishes communication sessions
Transport Layer Reliability
- Establishes reliable communications
Role of the Transport Layer
- Responsible for logical communication between applications
- Acts as a link between the application layer and lower layers
Transport Layer Responsibilities -Tracks conversations between applications -Manages multiple conversations
- Divides large data blocks into manageable pieces
Transport Layer Responsibilities (Continued) -Segments/reassembles data -Adds header information -Identifies applications using port numbers
Conversation Multiplexing -Simultaneously handles multiple data streams
Transport Layer Protocols
- TCP and UDP
  - TCP is connection-oriented and reliable
  - UDP is connectionless and fast
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
- Reliable, full-featured transport layer protocol
- Ensures all data arrives at the destination
- Uses fields to guarantee delivery
- Analogous to sending tracked packages
- Manages reliability and flow control using operations like:
  - Numbering and tracking data segments
  - Acknowledging received data
  - Retransmitting unacknowledged data
  - Sequencing data that might arrive out of order
  - Sending data at an efficient rate
TCP Header
- Stateful protocol keeping track of communication session
- Adds 20 bytes (160 bits) of overhead when encapsulating application data
TCP Header Fields
- Identifies source and destination applications by port number
- Details regarding data reassembly
- Header length
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
- Simpler transport layer protocol than TCP
- Fewer header fields than TCP
- No reliability or flow control
- Faster processing than TCP
- Connectionless and stateless protocol
UDP Header
- No tracking of communication sessions
- Only 8 bytes of overhead
Socket Pairs
- Combining source and destination ports and IP addresses
- Used to distinguish between multiple processes on a client or server
TCP Server Processes -Each application on a server is assigned a port number -One port per application
TCP Connection Establishment Steps -Step 1: SYN (initial client request) -Step 2: ACK and SYN (server acknowledges and requests a server-to-client communication session) -Step 3: ACK (client validates server-to-client communication)
- Connection is now fully established.
Session Termination -FIN to close connection -Two-way handshake (FIN, ACK segments)
TCP Reliability -Guaranteed and ordered delivery of data -Mechanisms for data loss & retransmission, handling out-of-order data
TCP Flow Control -Regulates data flow for reliability -Window size determines number of bytes sent before acknowledgment
Maximum Segment Size (MSS) -Maximum amount of data in a TCP segment
Congestion Avoidance -Protocol to avoid loss when network conditions degrade

Network Layer

Network Layer Protocols
- Explains how network layer protocols and services support communications
- Describes the purpose of the Network Layer in data communication
- Explains why the IPv4 protocol requires other layers for reliability
- Explains the role of the major header fields in IPv4 packets
Routing
- Explains how routers enable end-to-end connectivity
- Explains how network devices use routing tables to direct packets
Router Configurations -Configuring a router with basic settings -Configuring initial settings on a Cisco IOS router -Configuring two active interfaces on a Cisco IOS router -Configuring devices to use the default gateway
Network Layer in Communications
- Network layer resides at Layer 3 of OSI model
- Provides services to allow end-devices to exchange data across a network -Uses four processes to provide end-to-end transport
Network Layer Protocols
- Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
- Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
IPv4 Packet Header
- Contains binary fields for various settings
- Version, Header Length, DS (Differentiate Services)/DiffServ, TTL, Protocol
IPv6 Packet
- Simpler header than IPv4
- Advantages over IPv4:
  - Larger address space
  - Improved packet handling
  - Eliminates NAT for IP address sharing

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Description

Test your knowledge on TCP, a key protocol in the transport layer. This quiz covers its primary functions, comparison with UDP, data ordering, and encapsulation details. Assess your understanding of how TCP manages communication sessions and data integrity.