Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which parameter of Quality of Service (QoS) refers to the time taken for a message to travel from source to destination?
Which parameter of Quality of Service (QoS) refers to the time taken for a message to travel from source to destination?
- Jitter
- Throughput
- Bandwidth
- Delay (Latency) (correct)
Which service is provided by the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)?
Which service is provided by the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)?
- Unreliable Datagrams
- Best Effort Delivery
- Connection-Oriented Service (correct)
- Direct Memory Access
What operation does the TRANSPORT SERVICE primitive 'LISTEN' perform?
What operation does the TRANSPORT SERVICE primitive 'LISTEN' perform?
- Waits for data to be sent
- Establishes a connection with a remote host
- Terminates the current connection
- Waits for a connection from a remote host (correct)
What type of communication does Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) primarily support?
What type of communication does Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) primarily support?
In socket programming, which type of socket provides reliable, connection-oriented data transfer?
In socket programming, which type of socket provides reliable, connection-oriented data transfer?
Which of the following is NOT a service provided by TCP?
Which of the following is NOT a service provided by TCP?
What is the maximum value of a port number in the transport layer?
What is the maximum value of a port number in the transport layer?
Which QoS parameter indicates variations in packet arrival times?
Which QoS parameter indicates variations in packet arrival times?
What is one of the key advantages of SCTP over TCP?
What is one of the key advantages of SCTP over TCP?
In the process of establishing a virtual connection using TCP, which phase follows the establishment of the connection?
In the process of establishing a virtual connection using TCP, which phase follows the establishment of the connection?
Which transport service primitive is responsible for sending data to an established connection?
Which transport service primitive is responsible for sending data to an established connection?
Which service is NOT associated with SCTP?
Which service is NOT associated with SCTP?
Which of the following is NOT a type of socket defined in socket programming?
Which of the following is NOT a type of socket defined in socket programming?
What does the IANA do in relation to port numbers?
What does the IANA do in relation to port numbers?
What is a key characteristic of TCP in comparison to UDP?
What is a key characteristic of TCP in comparison to UDP?
What role does 'flow control' play in TCP protocols?
What role does 'flow control' play in TCP protocols?
Which of the following accurately describes the primary service provided by UDP?
Which of the following accurately describes the primary service provided by UDP?
What limitation does UDP have compared to TCP?
What limitation does UDP have compared to TCP?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of UDP?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of UDP?
What is the purpose of the checksum in a UDP datagram?
What is the purpose of the checksum in a UDP datagram?
Which technique does TCP use to ensure reliable data transport?
Which technique does TCP use to ensure reliable data transport?
Identify the correct statement regarding QoS in transport protocols.
Identify the correct statement regarding QoS in transport protocols.
How does TCP handle congestion without losing messages?
How does TCP handle congestion without losing messages?
Which of the following statements is true regarding socket programming in relation to UDP and TCP?
Which of the following statements is true regarding socket programming in relation to UDP and TCP?
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Study Notes
Transport Layer & TCP
- TCP provides reliable, full-duplex, stream delivery between processes on different machines
- TCP uses IP to transport messages and ensures reliability via connection-oriented services, flow control using sliding window protocol, error detection by checksum and error control using go-back-NARQ
- TCP supports multiple applications simultaneously using port numbers
TCP Datagram Format
- Contains source and destination ports, sequence number, acknowledgement number, checksum, and data
TCP Addresses
- Three types of addresses used in TCP/IP:
- Physical Address: Unique identifier for a network interface card (MAC address)
- Logical Address: Unique identifier for host on a network (IP address)
- Port Address: Unique identifier for a process on a host
TCP Well-Known Ports
- Defined by IANA
- Used for specific services like:
- HTTP: 80
- HTTPS: 443
- FTP: 21
- SMTP: 25
TCP Services
- Processes-to-process communication
- Stream delivery service
- Connection-oriented service
- Flow control
- Error control
- Congestion control
SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)
- SCTP is a general-purpose transport layer protocol designed for multimedia and stream traffic
- Provides services similar to TCP with additional features for new applications including IUA, M2UA, M3UA, H.248, H.323, and SIP
SCTP Services
- Process-to-process communication
- Connection-oriented service
- Full-duplex communication
- Multi-homing service (ability to have multiple network interfaces for a single host)
Transport Layer: UDP
- User Datagram Protocol (UDP) provides connectionless delivery service using IP
- UDP messages can be lost, duplicated, delayed, and out of order
- UDP is a thin protocol with limited overhead
- It cannot provide reliable stream transport service
UDP Datagram Format
- Contains source and destination ports, length, checksum, and data
UDP Well-Known Ports
- Defined by IANA
- Used for specific services like:
- DNS: 53
- DHCP: 67 and 68
- TFTP: 69
UDP Services
- Process-to-process communication
- Connectionless services
- Flow control
- Error control
- Congestion control
- UDP offers limited error control with only the checksum for detecting errors
UDP Characteristics
- Provides unreliable connectionless delivery service using IP
- UDP messages can be lost, duplicated, delayed, and delivered out of order
- UDP is a thin protocol with few features added over IP
- It cannot provide reliable stream transport service
Transport Layer & QoS (Quality of Service)
- QoS refers to performance characteristics that influence transport layer's ability to deliver data
- Important QoS parameters include:
- Throughput
- Delay
- Jitter
- Reliability
- Bandwidth
Transport Layer & Transport Service Primitives
- These are operations that define communication initiation, maintenance, and termination
- Key primitives include:
- LISTEN: Waits for a connection
- CONNECT: Requests a connection
- SEND: Sends data
- RECEIVE: Receives data
- DISCONNECT: Ends the connection
Transport Layer & Socket Programming
- Sockets are communication endpoints used in transport layer protocols like TCP and UDP.
- They're defined by IP address and port number
- Socket programming facilitates communication between different machines over a network
- Socket programming supports two main types of communication:
- Stream Sockets (TCP): connection-oriented, reliable data transfer
- Datagram Sockets (UDP): connectionless, unreliable data transfer
Port Numbers
- A 16-bit port number ranges from 0 to 65,535
- Three types of ports defined by IANA:
- Well-Known Ports: Used by known services (e.g., HTTP, FTP)
- Registered Ports: Used by specific applications but not standard services
- Dynamic Ports: Used by applications for communication (typically ephemeral)
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