TB of the Spine Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the most sensitive imaging method for diagnosing TB of the spine?

  • Ultra sound
  • X-rays
  • MRI (correct)
  • CT scans

Which of the following is NOT a systemic symptom of TB of the spine?

  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • Night sweats
  • Numbness (correct)

Which laboratory test directly assesses the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

  • Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
  • Complete Blood Count (CBC)
  • C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
  • Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) (correct)

What spinal deformity can result from the infection in TB of the spine?

<p>Kyphosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is used for obtaining samples from the meninges in suspected TB of the spine?

<p>Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurological symptom might indicate advanced TB affecting the spine?

<p>Loss of bladder control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) measure at the injection site?

<p>Localized skin reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of TB of the spine that leads to severe mobility issues?

<p>Paralysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of bacterial meningitis?

<p>Bacterial pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of meningitis typically resolves on its own without specific treatment?

<p>Viral meningitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of fungal meningitis?

<p>It usually affects immunocompromised individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parasitic meningitis is typically acquired through which of the following?

<p>Contaminated water or food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes non-infectious meningitis?

<p>It can result from autoimmune diseases or certain medications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate case fatality rate for bacterial meningitis?

<p>1 in 6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a viral cause of viral meningitis?

<p>Herpes simplex virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major public health challenge is associated with meningitis?

<p>Epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age groups are more susceptible to meningitis?

<p>Infants, young children, and older adults (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common neurological symptom associated with meningitis?

<p>Altered mental status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can increase the risk of meningitis related to living conditions?

<p>Close living quarters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sign indicates potential meningitis in infants?

<p>High-pitched cry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying medical condition increases the risk of meningitis?

<p>Sickle cell disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with meningitis?

<p>Coughing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication-related factor is known to potentially cause meningitis?

<p>Certain immunosuppressive medications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physical exam sign suggests meningitis in adults?

<p>Kernig's sign (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which finding in a lumbar puncture analysis is indicative of bacterial meningitis?

<p>Cloudy appearance of CSF (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal when managing a patient with meningitis?

<p>Identify and treat the underlying cause (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test is used to identify pathogens in cases of suspected meningitis?

<p>PCR for viral and fungal pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging study should be performed before a lumbar puncture in certain cases?

<p>CT or MRI of the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of bacterial meningitis, glucose levels in the cerebrospinal fluid are expected to be:

<p>Decreased (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell count would you expect to see elevated in bacterial meningitis?

<p>Polymorphs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential chronic complication of meningitis?

<p>Cognitive impairments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an immediate goal of care in meningitis management?

<p>Stabilize vital signs and ensure adequate perfusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What medication is typically used for maintenance therapy in fungal infections?

<p>Fluconazole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical procedure is performed to relieve hydrocephalus?

<p>Ventriculostomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of providing adequate hydration in non-pharmacological intervention?

<p>Improve immune response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what condition would isolation precautions be particularly important?

<p>Bacterial meningitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which supportive measure assists in minimizing photophobia during treatment?

<p>Providing a low-stimulation environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indication for surgical intervention in cases of infection?

<p>Cerebral edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutritional support is emphasized during the recovery phase?

<p>High-protein, high-calorie nutrition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of therapy is recommended for cognitive or developmental delays?

<p>Occupational therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the indications for surgery related to spine tuberculosis?

<p>Neurologic deficit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure involves the surgical removal of a portion of the vertebra?

<p>Corpectomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of using braces in the conservative management of spine tuberculosis?

<p>Stabilizes the spine and reduces pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a surgical technique for spine tuberculosis treatment?

<p>Nutritional intervention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutritional interventions is important for bone health?

<p>Vitamin D and calcium supplements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conservative management technique is recommended to help reduce pain in patients with TB of the spine?

<p>Complete bed rest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of acupuncture in the management of spine tuberculosis?

<p>Helps manage pain and improve quality of life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the recommended physical therapy interventions for TB of the spine?

<p>Strengthening exercises (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What spinal deformity is described as a lateral curvature of the spine associated with TB of the spine?

<p>Scoliosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is most sensitive for identifying tuberculosis in the spine?

<p>MRI (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common systemic symptom of TB of the spine that can indicate the severity of the infection?

<p>Fever (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory test is used to assess inflammation in cases of TB of the spine?

<p>Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication can arise from TB of the spine due to infection damaging spinal bones?

<p>Spinal Deformity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a necessary procedure for obtaining samples from suspected TB of the spine?

<p>Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms indicates potential spinal cord involvement in TB of the spine?

<p>Numbness or tingling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of using the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) in diagnosing TB?

<p>To measure immune response to TB bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key goal of care for patients with TB of the spine?

<p>Eliminate the infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom may indicate neurological deficits due to TB of the spine?

<p>Numbness or tingling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should a nurse manage pain in a patient with TB of the spine?

<p>Use prescribed analgesics regularly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication can arise from untreated TB of the spine?

<p>Abscess formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended approach for ensuring spinal stability in severe cases of TB?

<p>Application of halo and orthotic devices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is critical to include in the education of a patient receiving TB treatment?

<p>The need to complete the full course of medication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of physical therapy for patients with TB of the spine?

<p>Restoring mobility and function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is important for preventing complications in TB of the spine?

<p>Maintaining good nutrition and self-care practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What finding in a lumbar puncture analysis is indicative of viral meningitis?

<p>Normal glucose levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the indications for surgical intervention in cases of increased intracranial pressure?

<p>Hydrocephalus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing meningitis?

<p>Lumbar puncture (CSF analysis) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which supportive measure is crucial for managing photophobia in patients?

<p>Low-stimulation environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication of meningitis is categorized as a neurological issue?

<p>Hydrocephalus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapy is recommended for patients experiencing motor deficits after an infection?

<p>Physical therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the expected CSF findings in bacterial meningitis?

<p>Cloudy appearance, elevated protein, low glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical procedure involves the drainage of infected fluid collections?

<p>Subdural empyema drainage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT typically part of the immediate goals of care for meningitis?

<p>Alleviate cognitive impairments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory test is used to identify systemic infections associated with meningitis?

<p>Blood cultures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of providing high-protein and high-calorie nutrition during recovery?

<p>To enhance recovery and healing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is typically used for maintenance therapy in fungal infections?

<p>Voriconazole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an expected finding in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with fungal meningitis?

<p>Normal glucose levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What immediate goal of care is essential for managing increased intracranial pressure in meningitis patients?

<p>Perform a lumbar puncture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically indicated for surgical drainage in cases of elevated intracranial pressure?

<p>Abscess formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an isolation precaution specifically for bacterial meningitis?

<p>Droplet precautions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of meningitis is most commonly associated with respiratory droplets and close contact?

<p>Bacterial Meningitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of viral meningitis compared to bacterial meningitis?

<p>Symptoms may resolve on their own without specific treatment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which patient population is fungal meningitis most likely to occur?

<p>Immunocompromised individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes non-infectious meningitis from infectious forms?

<p>It is caused by autoimmune diseases or certain medications. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathogens is NOT a known cause of parasitic meningitis?

<p>Streptococcus pneumoniae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of bacterial meningitis that highlights its severity?

<p>It has a high case fatality rate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is fungal meningitis typically treated?

<p>Prolonged antifungal therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is most commonly associated with meningitis, regardless of type?

<p>Severe headache (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done immediately if the motor response on the Glasgow Coma Scale falls?

<p>Inform the on-duty doctor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering corticosteroids like dexamethasone in the management of meningitis?

<p>To reduce inflammation and prevent complications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended intervention for a bedridden patient?

<p>Performing high-intensity exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done before performing a lumbar puncture if the patient is unconscious?

<p>Measure random blood sugar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is indicated for patients experiencing seizures due to increased intracranial pressure?

<p>Phenytoin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the management of fungal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, which combination of drugs is considered first-line therapy?

<p>Amphotericin B and Flucytosine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for applying side rails on a patient's bed?

<p>To minimize the risk of falling during seizures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following dietary interventions is critical for unconscious patients?

<p>Nasogastric feeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)?

<p>To evaluate the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is a common neurological manifestation of TB of the spine?

<p>Loss of sensation in the limbs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is considered the most sensitive for diagnosing TB of the spine?

<p>MRI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the goals of care for TB of the spine?

<p>Prevent complications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication can occur due to spinal TB that affects mobility?

<p>Spinal deformity leading to kyphosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common complication resulting from TB of the spine?

<p>Abscess formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory test is commonly used to identify the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

<p>Acid-Fast Bacillus (AFB) smear (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nursing management strategy is recommended for severe cases of TB of the spine?

<p>Use of braces as ordered (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common systemic symptom of TB of the spine?

<p>Fatigue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT typically used for obtaining a biopsy in suspected TB of the spine?

<p>Endoscopic biopsy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is the typical regimen for anti-tubercular medication in TB treatment?

<p>6-12 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom may indicate neurological deficits related to TB of the spine?

<p>Numbness or tingling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of spinal TB?

<p>Nerve root involvement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is regular monitoring emphasized in the care of patients with TB of the spine?

<p>To prevent complications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment method should be avoided for patients with potential spinal cord injury (SCI) due to TB?

<p>Active movement without any support (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration for children under 8 years of age with TB of the spine during initial care?

<p>Providing a Thoracic Elevations Device (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What classifies bacterial meningitis as particularly concerning?

<p>It has a high case fatality rate and can lead to severe complications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of meningitis is most likely to spontaneously resolve without treatment?

<p>Viral meningitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common initial step in the treatment of non-infectious meningitis?

<p>Identification and treatment of the underlying cause (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of transmission for viral meningitis?

<p>Fecal-oral routes and respiratory secretions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which population is fungal meningitis most prevalent?

<p>Immunocompromised individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of parasitic meningitis?

<p>Usually acquired from contaminated water or food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacterial pathogens is a common cause of bacterial meningitis?

<p>Neisseria meningitidis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risk factor increases the likelihood of meningitis due to the living arrangement?

<p>Living in close quarters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms are primarily neurological manifestations of meningitis?

<p>Photophobia and altered mental status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which age group is the risk of meningitis notably higher?

<p>Infants and older adults (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying medical condition significantly raises the risk of contracting meningitis?

<p>Cochlear implants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign is indicative of meningitis in infants?

<p>Bulging fontanelle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with meningococcal meningitis?

<p>Petechial or purpuric rash (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccination history is critical in reducing meningitis risk?

<p>Meningococcal conjugate vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom related to gastrointestinal distress is associated with meningitis?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary bacterium responsible for spinal tuberculosis?

<p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors increases the risk of spinal tuberculosis?

<p>Previous history of pulmonary TB (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis that experience skeletal involvement?

<p>10% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes spinal tuberculosis?

<p>It can lead to Pott's paraplegia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which location is most commonly affected by extrapulmonary tuberculosis?

<p>Spine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with spinal tuberculosis?

<p>Pott's paraplegia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can compromise the immune system, increasing the risk of TB progression to the spine?

<p>Diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spinal tuberculosis is usually caused by what type of spread of infection?

<p>Hematogenous spread (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected finding of glucose levels in the cerebrospinal fluid for a patient with viral meningitis?

<p>Normal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is indicative of bacterial meningitis?

<p>Elevated white blood cell count with polymorphs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an immediate goal of care for meningitis?

<p>Restore neurological function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells would you expect to see predominantly in a lumbar puncture analysis of a patient with viral meningitis?

<p>Lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging study should be conducted prior to lumbar puncture if there are signs of increased intracranial pressure?

<p>CT or MRI of the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often a significant chronic complication following meningitis?

<p>Learning disabilities in children (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which serological test is specifically used for the identification of Cryptococcus in suspected meningitis?

<p>Cryptococcal antigen test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the management of bacterial meningitis, which substance is likely to be elevated in the blood tests?

<p>C-reactive protein (CRP) (A), White blood cell count (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Kyphosis

A curved shape of the spine, often referred to as "hunchback", which results from the vertebrae damaging due to the infection.

Scoliosis

A side-to-side curvature of the spine caused by the infection.

Back pain

It is the most common symptom of spinal TB and can range from mild to severe.

Muscle Spasms

Muscle spasms are uncontrollable tightening of the muscles surrounding the spine due to the infection.

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Neurological Complications

This is caused by the TB damaging the nerve tissue, impacting nerve signals.

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Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)

This is done by injecting a small amount of tuberculin (PPD) under the skin. The size of the reaction over 48-72 hours helps diagnose TB.

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MRI

This is a powerful diagnostic tool that uses a special dye to get a clearer view of the affected areas in the spine.

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Biopsy

This involves removing a small tissue sample from the affected area to be analyzed under a microscope for signs of the TB bacteria.

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Debridement

Surgical removal of infected tissue and bone in the spine.

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Spinal Stabilization

Surgical procedures to stabilize the spine, like fusion or instrumentation.

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Corpectomy

Surgical removal of a part of a vertebra.

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Bed Rest

Complete bed rest to reduce pain and prevent further damage.

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Bracing

Using a brace to stabilize the spine and reduce pain.

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Physical Therapy

Exercises to maintain range of motion, strength, and flexibility.

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Pain Management

Techniques for managing pain, like heat, cold, or electric stimulation.

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Strengthening Exercises

Exercises to strengthen muscles around the spine.

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Bacterial Meningitis

A serious, potentially life-threatening inflammation of the meninges (membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) caused by bacteria like Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Haemophilus influenzae. It is highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets or close contact.

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Viral Meningitis

The most common type of meningitis, usually less severe, caused by viruses like enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, or mumps virus. Symptoms often resolve on their own within a week without specific treatment and spread through fecal-oral routes, respiratory secretions, or contaminated surfaces.

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Fungal Meningitis

Caused by fungi like Cryptococcus or Candida, more common in individuals with weak immune systems like those with HIV/AIDS. Symptoms develop gradually and often require long-term antifungal treatment.

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Parasitic Meningitis

A rare type caused by parasites like Naegleria fowleri or Angiostrongylus cantonensis, usually acquired from contaminated water or food. It is often difficult to treat and can be fatal.

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Non-Infectious Meningitis

Caused by non-infectious factors like autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus), cancers, head injury, or certain medications. It is not contagious and treated based on the underlying cause.

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Meningitis Incidence

Meningitis can affect people of any age. Bacterial meningitis is particularly concerning, with around 1 in 6 people dying and 1 in 5 experiencing severe complications.

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Meningitis Impact

Meningitis is a devastating disease with a high case fatality rate and can lead to serious long-term complications. It remains a global public health challenge, with epidemics observed worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Etiology of Meningitis

Causes of meningitis include bacteria like Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae type b, viruses like enteroviruses and herpesviruses, fungi like Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida species, parasites like Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba species, and non-infectious causes like autoimmune diseases.

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Meningitis

An inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.

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Nuchal Rigidity

Stiff neck, a common symptom of meningitis, makes it difficult to flex the neck.

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Photophobia

Sensitivity to light, a symptom of meningitis.

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Kernig's Sign

A sign of meningitis where pain or resistance is felt when extending the knee with the hip flexed.

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Brudzinski's Sign

A sign of meningitis where flexing the neck causes flexion of the hips and knees.

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Petechiae

Small, pinpoint-sized red or purple spots on the skin, sometimes a sign of meningococcal meningitis.

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Lumbar puncture (CSF analysis)

A diagnostic procedure involving extracting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the spinal canal, primarily used to diagnose meningitis.

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Cloudy CSF

A cloudy appearance of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is indicative of bacterial meningitis, while a clear appearance suggests a different cause.

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Elevated white blood cell count in CSF

An elevated white blood cell count in CSF suggests meningitis. Higher levels of neutrophils (polymorphs) indicate bacterial infection, while lymphocytes point to a viral or fungal cause.

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Decreased CSF glucose

A decrease in glucose levels in the CSF is commonly observed in bacterial and fungal meningitis, while viral meningitis usually maintains normal glucose levels.

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Gram stain and culture of CSF

A Gram stain and culture analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) aids in identifying the specific bacterial pathogen causing meningitis.

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Complete blood count (CBC) in meningitis

A blood test that assesses the overall number of white blood cells, which are elevated in infections.

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CT or MRI scan in meningitis

A medical imaging technique that provides detailed images of the brain, helping diagnose complications like brain abscess or hydrocephalus that can develop with meningitis.

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Rapid Antigen Test for meningitis

A rapid antigen test for bacterial pathogens can be performed on CSF or urine, assisting in quick diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

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Cryptococcal Meningitis

A type of fungal infection that can cause meningitis, commonly treated with Fluconazole.

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Ventriculostomy

Surgical procedure to drain CSF and relieve hydrocephalus, often used in cases of meningitis.

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Ventriculostomy

Placement of a catheter to drain CSF and relieve hydrocephalus, often used in cases of meningitis.

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Craniotomy

A surgical opening of the skull to relieve pressure, drain abscesses, or repair damaged tissue.

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Brain Abscess

A collection of pus that forms in the brain or spinal cord, commonly seen in cases of meningitis.

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TB Spine Abscess

A serious complication of TB of the spine where pus accumulates around the spine, requiring drainage.

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Neurological Deficits in TB Spine

Damage to nerves caused by TB in the spine, leading to symptoms like numbness, tingling, and loss of bowel and bladder control.

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Eliminate TB Infection in Spine

The primary reason for TB of the spine treatment, aiming to eradicate the infection using a full course of medication.

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Prevent Complications of TB Spine

Measures taken to prevent complications like spinal deformities, nerve damage, and abscess formation through early treatment and regular monitoring.

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Restore Mobility and Function in TB Spine

Using physical therapy and supportive devices to regain strength and mobility after TB of the spine.

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Manage Pain in TB Spine

Managing pain and other symptoms of TB spine to improve comfort and daily life.

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Support Long-Term Health After TB Spine

Long-term support involving follow-up visits, good nutrition, and self-care practices to help patients recover from TB spine.

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Anti-TB Medication for Spine

Administering a full course of anti-TB medications, like rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, to treat the infection.

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Meningitis Case Fatality Rate

The rate at which people die from meningitis.

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Meningitis Sequelae

Long-term consequences of meningitis. These can be serious and affect the brain, nerves, and other parts of the body.

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Complete blood count (CBC)

A blood test that measures the overall number of white blood cells in your blood. It is a common test to do when someone has symptoms that suggest infection, like meningitis.

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Corticosteroid Therapy in Bacterial Meningitis

Administering corticosteroids like Dexamethasone to reduce inflammation in bacterial meningitis. This helps prevent complications like hearing loss, particularly in cases of S. pneumoniae meningitis.

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Fluconazole for Cryptococcal Meningitis

A powerful medication used to treat fungal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It helps stop the growth of the fungus and prevent further infection.

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Mannitol for Increased Intracranial Pressure

A common medication prescribed for increased intracranial pressure in meningitis patients. It helps reduce pressure in the brain by drawing fluids out of the brain tissue.

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Phenytoin for Seizures in Meningitis

A drug that helps prevent seizures in meningitis patients, often used to manage complications like febrile seizures or seizures related to brain inflammation.

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Bacterial Meningitis Treatment

Treatment of bacterial meningitis focuses on using antibiotics to kill the bacteria and reduce inflammation. Commonly used antibiotics include ceftriaxone, penicillin, and vancomycin.

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Viral Meningitis Treatment

Viral meningitis usually resolves on its own and doesn't typically require specific antiviral treatment. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms like fever and headache with medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.

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Fungal Meningitis Treatment

Fungal meningitis treatment involves using antifungal medications like fluconazole or amphotericin B. Treatment duration can be lengthy due to the nature of fungal infections.

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What is Meningitis?

Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other factors.

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What is a Lumbar Puncture?

A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is a procedure where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is collected from the spinal canal for analysis. It is a crucial diagnostic tool for meningitis.

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What is Hydrocephalus?

Hydrocephalus refers to an excessive buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain, which can occur as a complication of meningitis. Treatment often involves surgically draining the excess CSF.

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What is Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP)?

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is dangerous in meningitis as it can damage brain tissue. Symptoms include headache, vomiting, and altered mental status. Treatment focuses on reducing ICP.

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Supportive Care for Meningitis

Supportive care for meningitis includes maintaining hydration, providing a quiet environment, and monitoring vital signs. It is crucial for patient recovery.

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What is Pott's Disease?

Spinal tuberculosis (TB), also known as Pott's Disease, is an extrapulmonary form of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It affects the vertebrae, leading to spinal damage. This infection typically originates from a primary focus, often in the lungs.

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What is hematogenous spread in Pott's Disease?

The spread of TB infection from a primary site, such as the lungs, to the spine via the bloodstream. This is a common way TB reaches the vertebrae.

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What is the main symptom of Pott's Disease?

The most common symptom of spinal TB is back pain, which can range from mild to severe. Other symptoms include fever, fatigue, weight loss, and loss of appetite.

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What is Pott's paraplegia?

A serious complication of Pott's Disease where the infection damages the spinal cord, leading to weakness, numbness, and potentially paralysis of the legs. This occurs when the infection puts pressure on the spinal nerves.

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What is tuberculous meningitis?

Inflammation of the meninges (membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a serious complication of tuberculosis that can lead to neurological damage and even death.

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What is a tuberculin skin test (TST)?

A diagnostic test where a small amount of tuberculin is injected under the skin. The size of the reaction helps assess exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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How is Pott's Disease diagnosed?

A powerful imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the spine. It helps diagnose Pott's Disease and assess the extent of the damage.

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How is Pott's Disease treated?

Treatment for spinal TB involves a combination of anti-tuberculosis medications, often administered for 6-18 months to eradicate the infection. This helps prevent complications and ensures the best chance of a full recovery.

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What is Bacterial Meningitis?

A severe and potentially life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, caused by bacteria like Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Haemophilus influenzae. It spreads through respiratory droplets or close contact.

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What is Viral Meningitis?

The most common type of meningitis, usually less severe and often caused by viruses like enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, or mumps virus. Symptoms usually resolve on their own within a week.

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What is Fungal Meningitis?

Caused by fungi like Cryptococcus or Candida, more common in people with weakened immune systems. Symptoms develop gradually and often require long-term antifungal treatment.

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What is Parasitic Meningitis?

A rare type caused by parasites like Naegleria fowleri or Angiostrongylus cantonensis, usually acquired from contaminated water or food. It is often difficult to treat and can be fatal.

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What is Non-Infectious Meningitis?

Caused by autoimmune diseases, cancers, head injuries, or certain medications. It is not contagious and treated based on the underlying cause.

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What is a Brain Abscess?

A collection of pus that forms in the brain or spinal cord, commonly seen as a complication of meningitis. This can be dangerous and require treatment to drain the pus.

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Lumbar Puncture

A procedure used to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the spinal canal, primarily used to diagnose meningitis.

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