Taxonomy of Information Systems

Taxonomy of Information Systems

• A taxonomy helps leaders understand what technologies to invest in and what initiatives to focus on
• Leaders can classify IT into distinct categories

Categories of IT

Function IT

• Assists with the execution of discrete tasks
• Can be adopted without complements
• Impact increases when complements are in place
• Doesn't impose complements, allows them to emerge
• Simulators, spreadsheets, computer-aided design, and statistical software are examples of Function IT
• Focuses on making standalone tasks more efficient and delivers productivity

Network IT

• Facilitates interactions without specifying parameters
• It doesn't specify tasks or sequences
• Accepts data in many formats
• Email, instant messaging, wikis, blogs, and mashups are examples of Network IT
• Serves as a means by which people communicate with one another, which increases collaboration

Enterprise IT

• Specifies business processes
• Organization-wide application and use is mandatory
• Imposes complements throughout the organization
• Defines tasks and sequences
• Mandates data formats
• Optional use
• Enterprise resource planning software, customer relationship management, and supply chain management are examples of Enterprise IT
• Restructures interactions among groups of employees or with business partners and it helps standardize and monitor

System Acquisition: Buy vs. Build

Buying Advantages

• Less expensive
• Faster availability
• Safer due to extensive testing
• Requires less time, since the vendor fixes any problems
• Provides more expertise than building in-house

Building Advantages

• Allows for customization
• Greater flexibility
• Enables differentiation
• Provides greater control over development

System Development Methods

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

• Less risky and provides a clear structure
• Can be too rigid, changes are expensive and hard to implement

Rapid Application Development

• Quickly get prototype and gather feedback and upgrading model
• Focuses on user participation and iteration for smaller projects
• Requirements Planning: Define overall system requirements
• User Design: Work with system analysts, designers, and programmers in JAD sessions
• Construction: Build the next version iteratively
• Cutover: Switch from old to new software

Agile Methodologies

• Incremental approach with attention to detail where each block is developed via planning; then iterative development, user interaction
• If a block is not accepted, send back with feedback in short increments
• Utilizes small teams including programmers and users, daily meetings and short time frames

Lean Methodology

• Creation of a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) to showcase to users for review

End-User Computing

• Department-specific applications developed by employees with computer skills, but no direct programmers
• Development is closer to the people who actually use it, and is faster
• Can result in similar applications providing different results and confusion through the organization

The Future of Jobs (IT Impact)

Higher Employment Levels

• Job Creation: IT can create new job opportunities in sectors and e-commerce
• Increase demand for web developers, digital marketers, and logistics professionals
• Innovation and Entrepreneurship: IT enables new businesses and industries which leads to growth
• Tech companies develop and commercialize new IT solutions
• Increased Productivity: IT enhances productivity, and increases demand for skilled workers to manage technologies
• New Roles: Advances create demand for data scientists, cybersecurity experts, and AI engineers

Lower Employment Levels

• Automation and Job Displacement: routine, repetitive tasks can be done more efficiently by machines
• Machines reduce the reduced demand for human labor in certain industries
• Outsourcing and Offshoring: Tasks outsource to lower-cost regions and create job outsourcing/off shoring
• Skill Mismatch: Rapid technological advancements in IT may lead to skills employers demand and the skills workforce have
• Structural Changes in Industries: IT can lead to structural decline in traditional sectors while newer grow, so workers lose their jobs

Computerization Factors

• Routine vs. Non-Routine Tasks: Routine are susceptible to computerization
• Non-routine require human judgement and creativity
• Level of Cognitive Complexity: Complex will be automated less
• Require complex emotional intelligence and personal skills
• Technological Feasibility: The availability of automating a job depends on the availability and maturity of relevant technologies
• Education and Training: Jobs that require higher levels is less susceptible

Economic Incentives

• Economic factors like labor costs, productivity influence automation
• Industries with high labor costs and productivity will invest more

Bottlenecks to Automation

• Robots still struggle with perception and manipulation
• Creative and Social intelligence challenges

Impact of IT on Organizations and Markets

Centralization and Decentralization

• Centralization: IT enables organizations to consolidate decision-making, data management, and control via standardized processes and channels which leads to efficiency
• Decentralization: IT promotes decentralization through tools that give employees and departments autonomy to make decision to support innovation

IT Affect on Firm Size

• Firm Size: Can influence organization size through automation and efficiency for growth, to operate efficiently at smaller scales
• Horizontal Firm Size: Enables growth by reaching larger consumer base and digital networks
• Vertical Firm Size: Can streamline coordination through the production and distribution
• Agency Theory: Aligns all interests by monitoring employee behavior
• Transaction Costs theory: Evaluates IT investments to reduce data asymmetry

IT Dependent on ICT Type or Industry

• ICT Type: Enables firms to enter more flexibly by reducing
• ERP favours those who can maintain such systems
• Industry Differences: Regulatory environment

IT Fashions

• Stage 1 The Attention Wave: Attention wave buzz surrounding innovation, peaks early
• Stage 2 The Adoption Wave: Companies announce its use of the technology peaks later
• Stage 3 The Implementation Wave: Actual deployment peaks later
• Stage 4 The Value Wave: The measurable business impact stays the longest

IT Implementations (Managers)

• Use the tool to help plan, assess risk and change management
• Stay informed and updated
• Exercise caution when evaluating new tech
• Focus on the value which tech can deliver

Corporate impact of investing in hottest IT

• Can enhance competitiveness and improve operational efficiency
• There are risk that can carry including high cost
• In short term investing in IT has showen improved performance and gains higher reputation in the short term

Strategic Information Systems (SIS)

• Align with the business objective to gain competitive advantage
• Focus of services that can enhance or improve service
• Arise when VRIN - valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable resources are used

Information Systems to Provide Advantage?

• If the organization can provide proprietary that enhance efficiency
• Improves operations and enhances customer experience

IT doesn't matter

• Has become a commodity and no longer provide competitive advantage
• It allowed businesses to adopt at low cost
• Suggested that investments don't lead to significant productivity

Entreprise Resource Planning

• 'Islands' of automation are siloed within an organization that serve separate function
• Problems include Lack of Data Integration, Duplication of Effort, Inefficient Processes, Limited Visibility
• Is integrated software that streamlines across an organization
• Used for finance, human resources, and supply chain
• Advantages: process integration, improved efficiency better decision making, standardization
• Disadvantage: cost, complexity, organizational resistance risk, of failure

Solving standalone issues

• Integrating Data
• Streamlining Processes
• Enhancing Visibility

Why ERP difficult to implement?

• Scope and organizational impact
• There are challenges with Customization, Data Migration
• It all needs careful plannings and change management

IT data success

• follow clear strategies
• Involve key stake holders
• Apply multiple phases
• Training and support the system

Data Warehousing

• Warehousing: Collecting, storing, and managing volumes of data to support decisions
• Unified view of organizational data, subject-oriented
• Time variance over trends, non volatile
• Integrate data with external cloud apps

Two developments

• Data mart is an approach with specific business starting need for data to use later
• Enterprise data is a traditional warehouse approach
• Has risks of completing and meeting needs

ETL in data

• Extraction: extract data from sources
• Transformation: Standardize the formats
• Loading: data is loaded where the data is available

Data Mart

• Sub set of a data set focused on business functions
• Operational data is database system to store current or near-real-time data
• Data mining is the process of discovering insights using machine learning
• Used in various techniques like testing

Evaluation of system success

• How an investments effect the economic or performances
• Challenges with isolation
• Measuring variables can be subjective with performance metrics
• Can have impact on productivity

Methods to use to evaluate information systems

• User of satisfaction of usage
• Statistics include system usage, duration,
• ROI analysis measure of cost effectiveness with value

5 eras of automation system use

• Automation systems use automated the routine tasks
• Improvements in efficiency were measured
• Users empowered it through desktops
• User satisfaction was measured using personal desktops
• Clients' help provide greater connectivity
• Ability to provide more reliability and performance
• Led to centralization of resources and greater integration
• Provide strategic insights through support

IS Success has evolved

• In the ability adapt to disruption, harness data

Challenges for implementations that fail

• Poorly Defied requirements
• scope creeps
• Lack of stake holder understanding
• Organizational culture and change management

Reasons for Escalation

• In escalation project, avoid mistakes, but can lead to conflicts

Cloud Computing

• Providing service over, resources like internet, storage on demand
• Scaling allows organizations to upgrade based on request

Cloud Challenges

• Can be disruptions due to outages
• Cloud computing performance can change based on speed of internet and service
• Multi tendency helps to provide security
• Scalability refers to increase of work
• SaaS is a clouding computing model where software is shared over a provider
• Iaas is computing rental with virtual networking.

Is it better or worse than On premise?

• Depend on all levels
• Is effective scalability is reduced
• Control is customized secure with compliant

SWOT on computing

• Strengths are ability to scale up
• Cloud decreases barriers
• Weakness lose physical control
• Requires more speed

Outsourcing risks

• Result from vendors like, sharing that they over perform
• Risks happen due to process barriers
• Risks of losings expertise
• Share on vendor intentions

Mitigation of risk

• Vertically split into to prevent poaching
• Internal capabilities could result

WORK LIFE impact of COVID

• Rapid of work from home leads of tool
• Many orgs implement flexible work policies

Perspectives of WLB

• How to balance, time managements issues

Strategies to fix

• Companies offer a incentive
• Harmony with time
• Connect with and take perspective and consideration

Technology and it's implementations

• Acknowledge all views
• Should cause minimal life
• Need to work together for better management

Implementations or digital workplace?

• Replicated physics office and zoom
• Use try and experiments of zoom
• Work on a long project

AI for world

• Technologies automate back offices and administratives
• Automate patterns
• To manage staff using Ai

Look like how?

• select best projects
• Try the projects
• Scale it

System

• Social engineering fake side
• Secure devices

Ways that can cause people cause

• Gain financial wealth
• Loyalty to others
• To the political belief

Reduce the problem

• Monitor employees
• Adopt insider policy and raise awareness

Shadow IT

• Insider threat and stores data
• Company balance on cyber and users
• How they are measured

Encourage Shadow IT

• Resent IT solutions
• When active it use declines

Recommendation

• Protect whether treats, select and adopt the policies