Taxonomy and Classification Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a specific rank in the hierarchical classification system?

  • Kingdom
  • Taxonomy (correct)
  • Phylum
  • Order

    • What is the correct plural form of the word "species"?

  • Speci
  • Specises
  • Species (correct)
  • Specie

    • Which of the following fields provides evidence for evolutionary relationships between organisms by studying similarities and differences in anatomy?

  • Paleontology
  • Molecular Genetics
  • Cladistics
  • Comparative Anatomy (correct)

    • Which of the following fields is broadly concerned with classifying and naming organisms, including their evolutionary relationships?

    <p>Systematics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "phylogeny" refer to?

    <p>The evolutionary history and relationships of species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following classification ranks is most inclusive (contains the largest number of organisms)?

    <p>Kingdom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of cladistics in classifying organisms?

    <p>The branching order of the evolutionary tree. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the modern approach to taxonomy, which has overtaken traditional methods?

    <p>Systematical approach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of a dichotomous taxonomic key?

    <p>To provide a step-by-step method for identifying unknown specimens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a dichotomous key work?

    <p>By comparing the features of a specimen to a list of known characteristics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a lead statement and a couplet in a dichotomous key?

    <p>A lead statement is a single question about the specimen, while a couplet is a pair of contrasting statements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of steps in a dichotomous key and the number of specimens being identified?

    <p>The number of steps is one less than the number of specimens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a genus name and a species name?

    <p>A genus name is broader than a species name. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct way to write the scientific name of a plant?

    <p>The genus name is capitalized, followed by the species name in lowercase, all in italics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to use scientific names, rather than common names, for organisms?

    <p>Scientific names are more accurate and consistent across different regions and languages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct example of a scientific name, written according to the prescribed conventions?

    <p>Myristica fragrans (A), Myristica fragrans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist(s) first proposed the idea of three domains?

    <p>Woese and Fox (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

    <p>Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes, while asexual reproduction does not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following algae reproduce through fragmentation?

    <p>Both B and C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of forming spores in specialized cells called?

    <p>Sporulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Three-Domain Model, which of the following is NOT a Domain?

    <p>Protista (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scientists proposed a system that included the kingdom 'Protista'?

    <p>Haeckel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many kingdoms were recognized in Whittaker's classification system?

    <p>5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the classifications systems introduced by Chatton and Copeland?

    <p>Copeland's system included fungi, while Chatton's did not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the gametic meiosis life cycle?

    <p>The dominant adult individual is diploid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between gametic meiosis and sporic meiosis life cycles?

    <p>The ploidy of the dominant individual. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms exhibits an isomorphic alternation of generations?

    <p>Ulva (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sporic meiosis life cycle, the sporophyte produces which of the following?

    <p>Haploid spores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The life cycle of Acetabularia is an example of which type of meiosis?

    <p>Gametic meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is known to have a haplodiplontic life cycle?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the term "haploid"?

    <p>Having a single set of chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of meiosis is responsible for the production of which of the following?

    <p>Haploid gametes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic shared by Chlorophyta and land plants that suggests an evolutionary relationship between the two groups?

    <p>Presence of chlorophyll a and b (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the haploid stage of an autotroph that develops from a spore and produces gametes?

    <p>Gametophyte (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by both Chlorophyta and land plants?

    <p>Presence of flagella for movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which spores are produced in land plants?

    <p>Meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the "Viridiplantae" group?

    <p>It encompasses organisms that share a common ancestor and key characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dominant life stage in species that exhibit zygotic meiosis?

    <p>Haploid gametophyte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does meiosis occur in species exhibiting zygotic meiosis?

    <p>Immediately after zygote formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In zygotic meiosis, what does the haploid cell produced by meiosis develop into?

    <p>A new gametophyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these examples demonstrates zygotic meiosis?

    <p>Volvox (B), Chlamydomonas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely reason for a zygospore to develop in zygotic meiosis?

    <p>To survive unfavorable environmental conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between zygotic meiosis and gametic meiosis?

    <p>Meiosis occurs during the formation of gametes in gametic meiosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely trigger for sexual reproduction in algae?

    <p>Environmental stress or disturbances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction in algae is true?

    <p>Sexual reproduction can increase genetic diversity in algae populations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Species Nomenclature

    The term 'species' is identical in singular and plural forms.

    Classification

    The process of organizing organisms into categories for orderly study.

    Taxonomic Hierarchy

    The structure of ranks that organizes life forms: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, etc.

    Phylogeny

    The evolutionary history and relationships among species or groups of organisms.

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    Cladistics

    A classification method based on common ancestry and branching order.

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    Systematics

    The study encompassing taxonomy and phylogenetics for classifying organisms.

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    Comparative Anatomy

    Study of similarities and differences in anatomy across species.

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    Paleontology

    The branch of science dealing with fossil animals and plants.

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    Dichotomous Key

    A taxonomic key with 2-branched lead statements to identify specimens.

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    Couplets

    Pairs of contrasting characters in a dichotomous key.

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    Nomenclature

    The formal naming system for organisms, following standardized rules.

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    International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)

    Rules for naming algae, fungi, and plants scientifically.

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    Binomial Naming

    Scientific naming using two components: genus and species.

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    Italicization in Naming

    Both genus and species names are italicized in printed form.

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    Underlining in Handwriting

    When written, genus and species names are underlined separately.

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    Common vs Scientific Names

    Common names can vary widely, but scientific names are standardized.

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    Two Kingdoms System

    Linnaeus' classification including Animalia and Vegetabilia.

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    Three Kingdoms System

    Haeckel's classification added Protista to Linnaeus' system.

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    Four Kingdoms System

    Copeland's classification with Monera, Protoctista, Plantae, Animalia.

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    Five Kingdoms System

    Whittaker's addition of Fungi to the previous kingdoms.

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    Six Kingdoms System

    Woese's classification includes Eubacteria and Archaea.

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    Three Domains

    Woese and Fox categorized life into Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes.

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    Asexual Reproduction

    Formation of new individuals from a single parent without gametes.

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    Sporulation

    Formation of spores from vegetative or specialized cells.

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    Chlamydomonas

    A genus of unicellular green algae with flagella, known for its motility.

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    Autocolony Formation

    The process where daughter colonies develop within a parent colony, as seen in Volvox.

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    Zygotic Meiosis

    A type of sexual reproduction where meiosis occurs in the zygote, producing haploid cells.

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    Haplontic Life Cycle

    A life cycle where the dominant stage is haploid, typical in organisms like Chlamydomonas.

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    Environmental Disturbances

    Changes in environment that can trigger sexual reproduction in algae.

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    Gametophyte

    The haploid stage of the life cycle that produces gametes, typically dominating in zygotic meiosis.

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    Sporophyte

    The diploid form in the life cycle of plants and algae, producing spores through meiosis.

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    Zygote

    A fertilized egg cell that will develop into a diploid organism.

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    Dimplontic life cycle

    A life cycle where the dominant stage is the diploid individual (2n).

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    Gametic Meiosis

    A type of meiosis producing haploid gametes from a diploid organism.

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    Sporic Meiosis

    Meiosis that results in the production of spores, leading to a multicellular haploid phase.

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    Haplodiplontic cycle

    A life cycle with both haploid and diploid generations alternating.

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    Gamete

    A haploid cell that fuses with another to form a zygote.

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    Isomorphic alternation

    When the gametophyte and sporophyte generations look the same externally.

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    Heteromorphic alternation

    When the gametophyte and sporophyte generations have different appearances.

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    Heteromorphic alternation of generations

    A life cycle that alternates between different morphological forms, notably gametophyte and sporophyte phases.

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    Viridiplantae

    A clade that includes green algae and land plants sharing similar characteristics like chlorophyll and cellulosic walls.

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    Sporangium

    The case or capsule that holds spores, produced by the sporophyte during its life cycle.

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    Study Notes

    BIOL1262 Course Organisation

    • Lecturers include Dr. Chinthapalli Rao (weeks 1, 2, & 6) and Dr. Denneko Luke (weeks 3, 4, & 5).
    • Teaching Assistant: Mr. John
    • Laboratory Technician: Mr. Hughlet Harvey
    • Timetable: BIOL1262 & 1263 follow the same schedule as BIOL1017 & 1018 (from semester 1)

    Taxonomy & Life Cycles (Lecture 1)

    • 2024/2025 Lecture 1, by Dr. Chinthapalli Rao
    • Life is structured in a hierarchical way, using a series of taxons
    • Ecological Level includes categories such as biome, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, and molecule

    Taxonomy

    • Earliest taxonomy systems were based on need and use of plants and animals
    • Plants have been categorized by:
      • Growth form (herbs, shrubs, trees)
      • Life cycles (annuals, biennials, perennials)
      • Articles of diet (fruits, vegetables)
      • Medicinal uses (purgatives, doctrine of signatures)
      • Economic/social uses (crops, drugs, shade)
      • Reproductive features (sexual, asexual)

    Terms associated with Taxonomy

    • Taxonomy is the discipline of classifying organisms and giving them universally accepted names
    • Taxonomy aims to accumulate knowledge about living organisms in an orderly manner
    • Taxonomy includes four aspects:
      • Description: Describes the organism
      • Identification: Assigns features of the organism
      • Nomenclature: Names the organism
      • Classification: Places organisms into definite categories

    Description

    • Description provides detailed information about the characteristics and features of an organism to differentiate it from others.
    • Characters are used to categorize organisms (e.g., petal colour, leaf texture, bark texture, leaf shape).

    Identification

    • Identification determines the identity of an organism based on its characteristics (often using keys or descriptions).
    • If an unknown organism is new to science, it's described and named by the researcher.
    • Dichotomous keys are commonly used to identify organisms.

    Identification - Method

    • Taxonomists utilize dichotomous keys to identify and describe organisms.
    • Inferred characteristics include shared characteristics, trends, ancestral information, evolutionary relationships, and predictions about observed features.

    Nomenclature

    • The rules and regulations for naming taxa are formulated by scientists.
    • The International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN) provides a standardized system.
    • Scientific names are written in Latin, often in the form of a binomial (e.g., genus name and species name).
    • Scientific names are written in italics when printed but underlined separately with a single straight line in handwritten format.
    • The genus name is capitalized, and the species name is lower case.

    Nomenclature - Special Note

    • The singular and plural forms of "species" are the same

    Classification

    • Classification is a general term referring to placing organisms into definite categories (ranks) to achieve an orderly study of organisms' relationships.
    • Ranks are hierarchical, where each rank is inclusive. (e.g., Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)

    More Taxonomic Terms

    • Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history and relationships among species or groups of organisms. It is also known as a "tree of life" or phylogenetic tree.
    • Cladistics is a method for classifying organisms based on common ancestry emphasizing the order of branching in the evolutionary tree.
    • Systematics is a more comprehensive field encompassing both taxonomy and phylogenetics (the study of evolutionary relationships)

    Systematics: Modern Taxonomy

    • The systematic approach to taxonomy has superseded the traditional phenotypic approach.
    • Scientists primarily use evidence from evolutionary history (e.g., paleontology, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, comparative biochemistry, molecular genetics, geographic distribution).

    Progress of Taxonomic Systems

    • This table shows how different taxonomists have categorized organisms over time, progressing from 2 kingdoms to 3-6 kingdoms and to 3 domains.

    How is life rearranged and classified?

    • Carl Woese and George Fox developed the three-domain model, which rearranged the classification of life to include Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

    Life Cycles

    • Life cycles are the series of changes in an organism's growth and development from its beginning to its mature state where offspring are produced.
    • Reproduction can be either asexual or sexual.

    Asexual Reproduction in Algae

    • In unicellular algae such as Euglena, asexual reproduction occurs through mitosis (eukaryotic fission).
    • Fragmentation is another method of asexual reproduction where the parent body breaks into many parts that grow into new organisms (e.g. Ulva, Sargassum, Spirogyra).
    • Sporulation involves the production of spores in normal vegetative cells or specialized cells called sporangia (e.g. Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Ulothrix)

    Autocolony Formation

    • In some algae (e.g. Volvox), daughter colonies develop within the parent colony.

    Sexual Reproduction in the Algae

    • Although most algae reproduce asexually, environmental disturbances can initiate sexual reproduction

    Sexual Reproductive Cycles

    • Sexual reproduction is categorized into three main types of cycles based on when meiosis takes place: zygotic meiosis, gametic meiosis, and sporic meiosis.
    • These include freshwater Chlorophyta, marine Chlorophyta & Phaeophyta, and marine Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta & Rhodophyta

    Zygotic Meiosis

    • The dominant adult individual in this cycle is haploid
    • The zygote divides immediately by meiosis to form four haploid cells
    • Volvox, Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra

    Zygotic Meiosis in Spirogyra

    • A form of zygotic meiosis known as conjugation, happens in some freshwater green algae
    • Two vegetative cells in adjacent filaments act as gametes fusing to form a zygote and completing meiosis

    Gametic Meiosis

    • Mature dominant adult is a diploid individual.
    • The diploid individual undergoes meiosis, producing haploid gametes
    • A diploid zygote will develop into a diploid individual
    • Examples of gametic meiosis are Acetabularia

    Sporic Meiosis

    • The adult may be a haploid gametophyte or a diploid sporophyte.
    • The gametophyte produces the gametes and the sporophyte produces the spores.
    • This type of meiosis involves gametophytes and sporophytes alternating in the life cycle—a haplodiplontic cycle.
    • Examples of organisms exhibiting sporic meiosis include different types of algae and land plants
    • Two types of alternation of generations (isomorphic and heteromorphic) are observed

    Sporic meiosis & Alternation of Generations

    • Isomorphic alternation involves the sporophyte and gametophyte looking similar.
    • Heteromorphic alternation involves the sporophyte and gametophyte looking different.
    • These are observed in various algae such as Ulva (isomorphic) and Bryopsis (heteromorphic)

    Viridiplantae - Origin

    • Viridiplantae (plants) share features with Chlorophyta (green algae) including chlorophyll a and b, "plant" carotenoids, cell walls containing cellulose, starch in chloroplasts, phragmoplast formation, oogamy (egg-and-sperm fertilization), sporopollenin covering spores/pollen grains, and the development of alternation of generations.

    Terminology - Revision

    • Definitions for gametophyte, gametangium, gamete, sporophyte, sporangium, and spore are provided

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on taxonomy and the hierarchical classification system in biology. This quiz covers various aspects including ranks, phylogeny, and the use of dichotomous keys in identifying organisms. Perfect for students studying biology or related fields.

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